New records of plant-parasitic nematodes from Iceland
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New records of plant‑parasitic nematodes from Iceland Łukasz Flis1 · Franciszek Wojciech Kornobis2 · Magdalena Kubicz1 · Jón Guðmundsson3 Received: 16 December 2019 / Revised: 5 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 / Published online: 19 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The plant-parasitic nematodes of Iceland are poorly understood. To address this, a study of the nematodes of the families Criconematidae and Hemicycliophoridae was performed in 2015. Soil samples were taken from underneath various host plants in different locations in Iceland. The identification was performed on the basis of the general morphology and subsequently confirmed by molecular markers (D2-D3 28S rDNA). The study revealed the presence of nematode specimens belonging to four species of the family Criconematidae: Criconemoides amorphus, Criconema demani, Mesocriconema xenoplax and Mesocriconema curvatum, as well as one species Hemicycliophora conida of the family Hemicycliophoridae. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the occurrence of these nematode species in Iceland. The species identified are economically important plant-parasitic nematodes of likely interest to—among others—Icelandic plant protection professionals. This report broadens our knowledge of Iceland’s nematode biodiversity; moreover, morphological analyses and molecular data may contribute to better understanding the origin of nematode species on the island of Iceland. Keywords New geographic record · C. amorphous · C. demani · M. curvatum · M. xenoplax · H. conida · Iceland
Introduction Iceland is a Nordic island country which consists of several small islands and a larger one—the main island of Iceland. It is located in the North Atlantic Ocean at its confluence with the Greenland Sea (part of the Arctic Ocean). Although Iceland forms part of the Arctic region, the country’s landscape chiefly reflects its volcanic origins and is significantly human altered, with large unvegetated or sparsely vegetated areas. The vegetated areas account for 44% of the total area of Iceland. 2.3% of Iceland’s total area is covered by grasslands which largely replaced the natural birch woodland as a result of human activity pursued since the Viking settlement in the ninth century (Aradóttir et al. 2013; Sigurmundsson Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02732-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Łukasz Flis [email protected] 1
Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza Street, 64, 00‑679 Warsaw, Poland
2
Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka Street, 20, 60‑318 Poznan, Poland
3
Jakaseli Street, 4, 109 Reykjavík, Iceland
et al. 2014). The importance of grasslands for Iceland’s farming remains undisputed with permanent grass fields representing the vast majority (around 90%) of the country’s cultivated areas (Helgadóttir et al. 2013). Iceland’s wildlife is characterized
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