New synthetic methodology to enhance Mg doping in SnS 2 : structural characterization and photocatalytic activity
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Bull Mater Sci (2020)43:298 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-02280-7
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New synthetic methodology to enhance Mg doping in SnS2: structural characterization and photocatalytic activity JASVEER KAUR1, SUNAINA1,2, ZAKIULLAH ZAIDI1 and SONALIKA VAIDYA1,* 1
Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) 2
MS received 6 April 2020; accepted 8 September 2020 Abstract. A new modified synthetic methodology was developed to effectively introduce more amount of Mg in the structure of SnS2. The amount of Mg that is doped in the structure of SnS2 was obtained from the changes in the structural parameter (lattice parameter and occupancy, as observed through Rietveld refinement) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry studies, giving conclusive evidence of doping of Mg in SnS2. We observed that, with the methodology adopted, the doping could be increased up to 11.4%. The effect of doping on optical and photocatalytic properties was demonstrated. Keywords.
1.
Mg-doped SnS2; Rietveld refinement; photocatalysis.
Introduction
Metal sulphides have fascinated much attention in recent years, due to the physical and chemical properties that are affected by their phase, size, surface morphology and crystal defects. Amid various semiconductors, tin sulphide (SnS2) has been of interest due to its optical and electronic properties [1,2]. SnS2 displays n-type conductivity, arising because of the dominant sulphur vacancy connected with the Sn(IV) oxidation state [3]. Of the three phases of tin sulphide, viz. SnS, SnS2, Sn2S3; SnS2 has a layered CdI2type structure with one Sn(IV) coordinating to six S ions in regular octahedra. SnS2 finds its use as anode material for Li-ion batteries [4], gas sensor [5], photoconductor [6] and photoluminescent material [7]. The bandgap of SnS2 ranges from *2.18 to 2.44 eV, which makes it a promising visible light-sensitive photo-catalyst [8]. Doping of SnS2 with metal or rare-earth ions can improve its photoluminescent and electrochemical properties. Herein, we focus on Mg ion as the dopant, as doping of lower valent cation helps in increasing the photocatalytic efficiency by two ways, one by narrowing the bandgap and thereby increasing the absorption efficiency of the catalyst for solar light. Secondly, by introducing defects in the crystal, sulphur vacancies in this case, thereby increasing the transfer of electrons and holes and decreasing the recombination of the electron and hole pair. Mg having its valence state lower than Sn (in SnS2), has been successfully used to augment ferromagnetism in SnS2 [9]. The amount of Mg that was doped in SnS2 was up to 10 at%. A logical study of structural, optical and
magnetic properties points out that O2 vacancies (produced by annealing and UV irradiation) in SnO2 [10] and doping of Mg in anatase TiO2
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