Nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite foams for electrochemical oxidation processes: towards biomolecule sensing
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D Nanomaterials for Healthcare and Lab-on-a-Chip Devices Prospective Article
Nickel-reduced graphene oxide composite foams for electrochemical oxidation processes: towards biomolecule sensing S. Thoufeeq*, Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala-682022, India Pankaj Kumar Rastogi*, and Narayanaru Sreekanth, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research––Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanapally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad-500 107, India Malie Madom Ramaswamy Iyer Anantharaman, Department of Physics and Inter-University Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, Kerala-682022, India Tharangattu N. Narayanan, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research––Hyderabad, Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanapally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad-500 107, India Address all correspondence to Malie Madom Ramaswamy Iyer Anantharaman at [email protected], Tharangattu N. Narayanan at [email protected], [email protected] (Received 26 April 2018; accepted 26 June 2018)
Abstract Metal–graphene composites are sought after for various applications. A hybrid light-weight foam of nickel (Ni) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), called Ni-rGO, is reported here for small molecule oxidations and thereby their sensing. Methanol oxidation and non-enzymatic glucose sensing are attempted with the Ni-rGO foam via electrocatalytically, and an enhanced methanol oxidation current density of 4.81 mA/cm2 is achieved, which is ∼1.7 times higher than that of bare Ni foam. In glucose oxidation, the Ni-rGO electrode shows a better sensitivity over bare Ni foam electrode where it could detect glucose linearly over a concentration range of 10 µM to 4.5 mM with a very low detection limit of 3.6 µM. This work demonstrates the synergistic effects of metal and graphene in oxidative processes, and also shows the feasibility of scalable metal–graphene composite inks development for small molecule printable sensors and fuel cell catalysts.
Introduction Electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules on various materials or substrates is receiving tremendous attention due to its applications in various fields including biosensors, fuel cells, energy conversion devices, etc.[1–6] Till date, various precious and non-precious metals and their oxides or hydroxides have been intensively pursued as efficient electrocatalysts.[4–8] Among those materials, nickel (Ni) and Ni-based materials have high electrocatalytic oxidation activity for various small molecules such as hydrogen peroxide, glucose, dopamine, and methanol.[6–10] The electrocatalytic performances of these Ni-based electrocatalysts are closely associated with their structure and the mode of preparation.[6,9,11] It has been found that the electrodes modified with porous structures are likely to have an enhanced electrochemical performance, due to its large surface area and easy mass and electron transport at electrode–electrolyte interfaces.[11] Additionally, in order to further improve the catalytic performance of these Ni-based porous catalysts, several researchers investigated the
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