Nickel Sulfate
INCI Name. Nickel sulfate.
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Nickel Sulfate Carola Lidén
Designations
INCI Name. Nickel sulfate. Synonym. Single nickel salt. CAS No. 10101-97-0.
Test Preparations
∑ 5% pet. European standard (allergen-patch-tape) ∑ 200 μg/cm2 (TRUE-test system)
Occurrence
Nickel is a metal used in many alloys, platings, and chemical compounds. Nickel ions are released from several nickel-containing materials when in contact with the skin, owing to the corrosive effect of sweat. High nickel release is seen from nickel-silver (German silver), copper-nickel, nickel-brass, some white gold alloys, and from nickel-plated items. Most stainless steels, e.g., 18/8, contain nickel; however, generally it is not released at skin contact. Nickel occurs naturally in food. Alloys for orthopedic implants and dental braces often contain nickel, but most nickel-sensitive persons do not need to avoid such exposure. From 2001, the EU Nickel Directive limits nickel in items intended for direct and prolonged contact with the skin such as jewelry, watches, buttons, and spectacle frames. The limit value for nickel release is 0.5 μg/cm2 per week. The nickel content in piercing posts has to be below 0.05%. Such products will hopefully, in the future, cause less nickel dermatitis. Nickel is not restricted in other types of items.
J. Wahlberg et al. (ed.), Management of Positive Patch Test Reactions © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
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Metals
Products to Avoid
A wide range of items in personal and occupational use release nickel ions, which may contribute to dermatitis. It is, however, often difficult to know what to avoid contact with and how careful to be. It is not necessary to avoid contact with all metallic items. A screening test for nickel release (nickel test, dimethylglyoxime [DMG] test, Fisher test) is simple to use. Release of nickel ions is indicated by a red or pink color (positive DMG test) after rubbing the surface with a cotton wool-tipped stick soaked with two drops of DMG and ammonia. It is wise for everybody to avoid direct and prolonged contact with personal items such as the following, if they release nickel: jewelry, buttons, zips, watches, spectacle frames, buckles, hooks, hair pins. People with nickel allergy and hand eczema should avoid prolonged or repeated contact with items such as the following, if they release nickel: tools, scissors, handles, keys, coins, pens, needles, musical instruments, surgical instruments, electronic chips, taps, pipes, and other equipment. It may be of benefit for people with nickel allergy and persistent dermatitis to avoid also more transient skin contact with items that release nickel.
Cross-reactivity
Simultaneous patch-test reactivity to cobalt chloride and/or to potassium dichromate is often recorded in nickel-sensitive persons, who may need to avoid such exposure. Patch-test reactivity to palladium chloride in nickel-sensitive persons is due to cross-reactivity, while the need to avoid exposure is controversial.
Alternatives
High-quality stainless steels such as 18/8 are generally safe at skin contact. C
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