No impact of instructions and feedback on task integration in motor learning
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No impact of instructions and feedback on task integration in motor learning Harald Ewolds 1
&
Laura Broeker 2 & Rita F. de Oliveira 3 & Markus Raab 2,3 & Stefan Künzell 1
Accepted: 31 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This study examined the effect of instructions and feedback on the integration of two tasks. Task-integration of covarying tasks are thought to help dual-task performance. With complete task integration of covarying dual tasks, a dual task becomes more like a single task and dual-task costs should be reduced as it is no longer conceptualized as a dual task. In the current study we tried to manipulate the extent to which tasks are integrated. We covaried a tracking task with an auditory go/no-go task and tried to manipulate the extent of task-integration by using two different sets of instructions and feedback. A group receiving task-integration promoting instructions and feedback (N = 18) and a group receiving task-separation instructions and feedback (N = 20) trained on a continuous tracking task. The tracking task covaried with the auditory go/no-go reaction time task because high-pitch sounds always occurred 250 ms before turns, which has been demonstrated to foster task integration. The tracking task further contained a repeating segment to investigate implicit learning. Results showed that instructions, feedback, or participants’ conceptualization of performing a single task versus a dual task did not significantly affect task integration. However, the covariation manipulation improved performance in both the tracking and the go/ no-go task, exceeding performance in non-covarying and single tasks. We concluded that task integration between covarying motor tasks is a robust phenomenon that is not influenced by instructions or feedback. Keywords Task-integration . Multitasking . Implicit learning
Introduction Task integration is a major factor in the study of dual-task performance, where studies claim that it can improve dualtask performance, depending on the task characteristics. When integrating tasks, people are thought to functionally combine the features from the main task and the secondary task, rather than processing the features of the two tasks separately. Some authors suggest that task integration is a natural principle of human processing since people have great difficulty processing two tasks separately, and so they would strive
* Harald Ewolds [email protected] 1
Institute for Sports Science, Augsburg University, Universitätsstraße 3, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
2
Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
3
School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
for task integration even if being instructed to perform two tasks (Röttger, Haider, Zhao, & Gaschler, 2017; Schmidtke & Heuer, 1997). The task-integration hypothesis proposes that when two tasks contain a sequence, participants do not process these sequences separately, but rather perceive the two sequences, and thus the tasks, as one combined seq
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