Non-analog increases to air, surface, and belowground temperature extreme events due to climate change
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Non-analog increases to air, surface, and belowground temperature extreme events due to climate change M. D. Petrie1 · J. B. Bradford2 · W. K. Lauenroth3 · D. R. Schlaepfer2,3,4 · C. M. Andrews2 · D. M. Bell5 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 / © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Air temperatures (Ta) are rising in a changing climate, increasing extreme temperature events. Examining how Ta increases are influencing extreme temperatures at the soil surface and belowground in the soil profile can refine our understanding of the ecological consequences of rising temperatures. In this paper, we validate surface and soil temperature (Ts: 0–100-cm depth) simulations in the SOILWAT2 model for 29 locations comprising 5 ecosystem types in the central and western USA. We determine the temperature characteristics of these locations from 1980 to 2015, and explore simulations of Ta and Ts change over 2030–2065 and 2065–2100 time periods using General Circulation Model (GCM) projections and the RCP 8.5 emissions scenario. We define temperature extremes using a nonstationary peak over threshold method, quantified from standard deviations above the mean (0-σ : an event >∼ 51% of extreme events; 2-σ :>∼ 98%). Our primary objective is to contrast the magnitude (◦ C) and frequency of occurrence of extreme temperature events between the twentieth and twenty-first century. We project that temperatures will increase substantially in the twenty-first century. Extreme Ta events will experience the largest increases by magnitude, and extreme Ts events will experience the largest increases by proportion. On average, 2-σ extreme Ts events will increase by 3.4 ◦ C in 2030–2065 and by 5.3 ◦ C in 2065–2100. Increases in extreme Ts events will often exceed +10 ◦ C at 0–20 cm by 2065–2100, and at 0–100 cm will often exceed 5.0 standard deviations above 1980–2015 values. 2-σ extreme Ts events will increase from 0.9 events per decade in 1980–2015 to 23 events in 2030–2065 and 38 events in 2065–2100. By 2065–2100, the majority of months will experience extreme events that co-occur at 0–100 cm, which did not occur in 1980– 2015. These projections illustrate the non-analog temperature increases that ecosystems will experience in the twenty-first century as a result of climate change. Keywords Soil temperature · Air temperature · Extremes · Ecosystems
M. D. Petrie
[email protected]
Extended author information available on the last page of the article.
Climatic Change
1 Introduction Projections for increasing air temperatures (Ta: ◦ C) are among the most robust and consistent of those made by General Circulation Models (GCMs) for scenarios of twenty-first century climate change (IPCC 2013). Increasing Ta is predicted to impact ecosystems through multiple pathways including increasing evaporative demand and increasing aridity (IPCC 2013; Gutzler and Robbins 2011), lengthening the growing season and altering phenology (Julien and Sobrino 2009; Petrie et al. 2015), and by changing the rate and magnitude of biological process
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