Risk of extreme high fatalities due to weather and climate hazards and its connection to large-scale climate variability
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Risk of extreme high fatalities due to weather and climate hazards and its connection to large-scale climate variability Christian L. E. Franzke1,2
· Herminia Torello´ i Sentelles2,3
Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 / © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Weather and climate hazards cause too many fatalities each year. These weather and climate hazards are projected to increase in frequency and intensity due to global warming. Here, we use a disaster database to investigate continentally aggregated fatality data for trends. We also examine whether modes of climate variability affect the propensity of fatalities. Furthermore, we quantify fatality risk by computing effective return periods which depend on modes of climate variability. We find statistically significant increasing trends for heat waves and floods for worldwide aggregated data. Significant trends occur in the number of fatalities in Asia where fatalities due to heat waves and floods are increasing, while storm-related fatalities are decreasing. However, when normalized by population size, the trends are no longer significant. Furthermore, the number of fatalities can be well described probabilistically by an extreme value distribution, a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Based on the GPD, we evaluate covariates which affect the number of fatalities aggregated over all hazard types. For this purpose, we evaluate combinations of modes of climate variability and socio-economic indicators as covariates. We find no evidence for a significant direct impact from socio-economic indicators; however, we find significant evidence for the impact from modes of climate variability on the number of fatalities. The important modes of climate variability affecting the number of fatalities are tropical cyclone activity, modes of sea surface temperature and atmospheric teleconnection patterns. This offers the potential of predictability of the number of fatalities given that most of these climate modes are predictable on seasonal to inter-annual time scales. Keywords Weather · Disaster · Global warming · Extreme events
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02825-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Christian L. E. Franzke
[email protected] 1
Meteorological Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
2
Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
3
School of Integrated Climate System Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Climatic Change
1 Introduction Extreme weather and climate events cause too many fatalities each year (e.g., Borden and Cutter 2008; Hoeppe 2016; Eckstein et al. 2019; Watts et al. 2019). These events cause on average 60,000 fatalities per year (Global Change Data Lab. Our World in Data 2019) (Fig. 1), which account for about 0.1% of all deaths globally on average; from year to year, this rate can range between 0.01 and 0.4%. While most fataliti
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