Noncontact thermophysical property measurement of liquid cerium by electrostatic levitation
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Noncontact thermophysical property measurement of liquid cerium by electrostatic levitation Jianqiang Lia) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan; and State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Takehiko Ishikawa and Junpei T. Okada Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
Yuki Watanabe Advanced Engineering Services Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
Jianding Yu and Shinichi Yoda Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
Zhangfu Yuan State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China (Received 12 February 2009; accepted 9 April 2009)
The knowledge of thermophysical properties of active metals is critical to understand their metallurgical processes and further industrial applications. However, due to high reactivity and melt contamination from a crucible and gaseous environment, accurate values of the properties are hard to obtain using conventional methods such as the sessiledrop method. In the present study, a vacuum electrostatic levitator was used to circumvent these difficulties and enabled the noncontact determination of thermophysical properties of liquid cerium even in an undercooled state. The data of density, surface tension, and viscosity of molten cerium were reported, as well as their temperature dependence. Active metals (alkali, alkaline earth, rare earth metals, etc.) play critical roles in a large variety of industrial applications. Knowledge of the density, surface, and viscosity of these metals in liquid phase is essential to understand their refining, casting, welding, and other processes. However, accurate measurements of these thermophysical properties are difficult to determine using conventional methods in which crucible (or substrate) and nonvacuum atmosphere are engaged. Contact measurements easily carry contamination to chemically active liquid metals, resulting in experimental data with a large discrepancy and inapplicability.1 Over the last decade, the electrostatic levitation technique was developed robustly and demonstrated great potential in determining the thermophysical properties of molten metals and in fabricating various advanced materials.2–5 The sample levitated by electrostatic force under vacuum is isolated from any contact with crucible or substrate and from the contamination from surrounding gas. a)
Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2009.0278 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 24, No. 7, Jul 2009
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Coupling with laser heating, electrostatic levitator (ESL) has accurately enabled noncontact measurement of thermophysical properties for many refractory metals, including tungsten,6 tantalum,7 rhenium,7,8 etc.9,10 However, the measurement of liquid metal with high activity is still a challenge. In the present work,
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