Nonfatal Strangulation (NFS) and Intimate Partner Violence: a Brief Overview
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Nonfatal Strangulation (NFS) and Intimate Partner Violence: a Brief Overview Kathleen Monahan 1
&
Sarah Bannon 2 & Kristen Dams-O’Connor 3
Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Approximately 1.3 million women in the United States will experience various forms of aggression by an intimate partner, per year. The clinical implications of “choke-holds” and lethal outcomes have recently garnered national attention. Nonfatal strangulation (NFS) and blows to the head or face resulting in traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent forms of aggression that create short and long-term sequelae for the victim. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview for health care providers, mental health clinicians and advocates regarding the physical, neurological and psychological sequelae following NFS, post-Intimate Partner Violence. A search of databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO, SocIndex, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science) was conducted regarding the clinical, physical, neurological, and legal issues for women who have experienced NFS and IPV. The authors identified 55 research, mental health, and clinical articles as well as legal reviews, addressing the short-term and long-term outcomes of NFS in IPV. The current manuscript discusses the primary sequelae and challenges facing those who experience NFS. Many health care practitioners will interface with IPV survivors who have experienced NFS; it is a high priority to identify, assess, and intervene. Universal screening methods, safety and referral resources for IPV/NFS survivors, and legal considerations are primary components of successful intervention and treatment with this population. Keywords Nonfatal strangulation . Intimate partner violence . Trauma . Neurological outcomes . Disability
Introduction One in 3 women have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) during their lifetime (Breiding 2014), and 1.3 million women are physically assaulted by an intimate partner each year in the United States (Thoennes and Tjaden 2000). IPV comprises any physical and/or sexual violence, stalking, or psychological aggression toward an intimate partner (Breiding et al. 2015). Additionally, many of these women have experienced Adverse Childhood Experiences, putting them in an at-risk status for abusive relationships in adulthood * Kathleen Monahan [email protected] 1
School of Social Welfare, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8231, USA
2
Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
3
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
(Felitti 2011; Machtinger et al. 2015). These data underestimate the prevalence of IPV, as underreporting is widespread (Sugg 2015). Both men and women experience IPV, although women are at a higher risk of injury (Smith and Holmes 2018). Injuries range in type and severity, such as “combination” abuse, including phys
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