Nothing but a trace left? Autochthony and conservation status of Northern Adriatic Salmo trutta inferred from PCR multip
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PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER
Nothing but a trace left? Autochthony and conservation status of Northern Adriatic Salmo trutta inferred from PCR multiplexing, mtDNA control region sequencing and microsatellite analysis A. Meraner • P. Gratton • F. Baraldi A. Gandolfi
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Received: 23 May 2012 / Revised: 18 August 2012 / Accepted: 10 September 2012 / Published online: 23 September 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract Phylogeny of Northern Adriatic Salmo trutta is still not resolved, leading to taxonomic controversies and hindering reasonable conservation and fisheries management. We report on the genetic screening of 467 brown trout from 25 sites within Adige, Brenta and Po River drainage basins (Italy). Our main aim was to identify native (Adriatic) brown trout within the central part of the Northern Adriatic area. D-loop lineage screening evidenced a predominance of the Atlantic clade with a frequency of 0.87, followed by the Marmoratus clade with 0.11, and, finally, the Adriatic clade with a frequency of 0.02. The Adriatic clade was found exclusively in specimens from Pianetti River and was represented by haplotype Adcs1. However, microsatellite-based analysis of population structure within Pianetti River specimens failed to identify Adriatic brown trout, but pointed to a nuclear genomic replacement of the former by Atlantic strains. In conjunction
Handling editor: Christian Sturmbauer
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1321-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Meraner (&) P. Gratton F. Baraldi A. Gandolfi Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
with earlier phylogenetic studies, our results contrast with a present-day widespread distribution scenario of Adriatic brown trout within the Northern Adriatic region. From a conservation viewpoint, the punctiform occurrence of Adriatic haplotypes, their ambiguous provenance, and, finally, the presumable genomic replacement at the nuclear genetic level, might hinder reasonable conservation actions and call for revised fisheries management guidelines. Keywords Salmo trutta Adriatic mtDNA Control region Microsatellites Salmonid conservation Introduction The brown trout, Salmo trutta L., represents a panEuropean salmonid species of exceptional importance in terms of recreational angling, fisheries and aquaculture endeavours as well as scientific research. The species complex S. trutta has attracted the attention of generations of biologists, motivating innumerable scientific studies based on morphological, ecological and, recently, molecular genetic data. Given the remarkable plasticity in terms of life history traits and morphology within the genus Salmo (reviewed in Klemetsen et al., 2003), up to 50 distinct species have been described (Behnke, 1986). Recently, Kotte
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