Novel Anti-Cancer, Anti-Bacterial Coatings for Biomaterial Applications: Selenium Nanoclusters
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Novel Anti-Cancer, Anti-Bacterial Coatings for Biomaterial Applications: Selenium Nanoclusters Phong A.Tran1, Erik Taylor2, Love Sarin2, Robert H. Hurt2 and Thomas J. Webster3 1 Physics Department, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, U.S.A. 2 Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, U.S.A. 3 Division of Engineering and Department of Orthopedics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Two common problems with implantation after cancerous tumor resection are cancer recurrence and bacteria infection at the implant site. Tumor resection surgery sometimes can not remove all the cancerous cells, thus, cancer can return after implantation. In addition, bacteria infection is one of the leading causes of implant failure. Therefore, it is desirable to have anticancer and anti-bacterial molecules which both rapidly (for anti-infection purposes) and continuously (for anti-cancer purposes) are available at the implant site following implantation. Therefore, the objective of the present in vitro study was to create a multi-functional coating for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial orthopedic implant applications. Elemental selenium was chosen as the biologically active agent in this effort because of its known chemopreventive and antibacterial properties. To achieve that objective, titanium (Ti), a conventional orthopedic implant material was coated with selenium (Se) nanoclusters. Different coating densities were achieved by varying Se concentration in the reaction mixture. Titanium substrates coated with Se nanoclusters were shown to enhance healthy osteoblast (bone-forming cell) and inhibit cancerous osteoblast proliferation in co-culture experiments. Functions of S. epidermidis (one of the leading bacteria that infect implants) were inhibited on Ti coated with Se-nanoclusters compared to uncoated materials. Thus, this study provided for the first time a coating material (selenium nanoclusters) to the biomaterials’ community to promote healthy bone cells’ functions, inhibit cancer growth and prevent bacteria infection. INTRODUCTION It is estimated that 2,380 individuals will be diagnosed with bone and joint cancer and 1,470 individuals will die from primary bone and joint cancer in 2008 in the U.S. [1]. Primary bone cancer is rare as usually bone cancer is a result of the spread of cancer from other organs (such as the lungs, breasts and prostate). A common technique to treat bone cancer is the surgical removal of cancerous tissue followed by insertion of an orthopedic implant to restore patient functions. However, sometimes the cancerous cells are not completely removed. Therefore, it would be beneficial to have implants specifically designed to prevent the occurrence and reoccurrence of bone cancer and promote healthy bone tissue growth. Unfortunately, current materials used as orthopedic implants (such as titanium, stainless steel, and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) do not possess anti-cancer properties and, thus, have no inherent mechanisms to keep cancer fro
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