Novel Study of Catalysts and Membrane in Esterification Reaction
In this work, the characterisation of resin catalysts and performance of silica membrane with single carrier gases was analysed to determine the flow mechanism of the gases at the gauge pressure range of 0.01–1.00 bar and a temperature of 140 °C. The resi
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Abstract In this work, the characterisation of resin catalysts and performance of silica membrane with single carrier gases was analysed to determine the flow mechanism of the gases at the gauge pressure range of 0.01–1.00 bar and a temperature of 140 °C. The resin catalyst used for the characterisation process was amberlyst 16 resin. The gas permeance was found to decrease with respect to the gauge pressure in the order N2 > Ar > He > CO2 confirming non-Knudsen mechanism. FTIR-ATR was used for the structural identification of the component with the strongest adsorption strength on the surface of the resin catalysts. The resin catalysts used for esterification process was also characterized using liquid N2 adsorption measured at 77 K using an automated adsorption instrument. The BET (16.994 m2/g) results of the N2 adsorption isotherm for the resin catalysts showed a type IV adsorption isotherm with hysteresis. The result of the FTIR analysis of the resin catalysts showed that the band at 1728 cm−1 correspond to C–O stretching with strong adsorption bond while the band at 2986 cm−1 representing O–H corresponds to stretching vibration bond suggesting ethanol and lactic acid as the adsorption components on the surface of the resin catalysts.
Keywords Adsorption isotherm Cation-exchange resin Characterization Esterification Ethyl lactate Gas flux Inorganic membrane Permeability
O. Edidiong S. Habiba G. Edward (&) School of Engineering, Centre for Process Integration and Membrane Technology (CPIMT), The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK e-mail: [email protected] O. Edidiong e-mail: [email protected] S. Habiba e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 S.-I. Ao et al. (eds.), Transactions on Engineering Technologies, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1088-0_25
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Nomenclatures Symbols A J Qi M Q T DP
Surface area of the membrane (m2) Flux (mol s−1 m−2) Permeance (mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1) Gas molecular weight (g/mol) Gas flow rate (mol s−1) Temperature (Kelvin) Transmembrane pressure drop (bar)
Greek Symbols Å Angstrom µ Viscosity (Pa−1 s)
1 Introduction Solvents play a major role in all stages of industrial manufacturing sector. The environmental and toxicological effects of solvents have become important in chemical processes. Because environmental problems have threatened the natural order including climate change and global warming, a lot of research is being carried out to find environmentally safe chemicals and processes [1]. Lactic acid is the simplest hydroxyl carboxylic acid with an asymmetric carbon atom. It can be obtained from feedstock, petroleum or natural gas liquid and coal. Copolymers and polymers of lactic acid are known to be eco-friendly and compatible. Due to their biodegradability, they can be used as alternatives to petrochemical polymers [2]. Ethyl lactate esterification can be carried out in liquid-phase reversible reaction between lactic acid and ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst. It can be used as food add
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