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RECYCLING, RESOURCE RECOVERY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY PRACTICES

Novel trends in the thermo-chemical recycling of plastics from WEEE containing brominated flame retardants Maria Anna Charitopoulou 1 & Konstantinos G. Kalogiannis 2 & Angelos A. Lappas 2 & Dimitriοs S. Achilias 1 Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract The amount of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has enormously increased nowadays, due to the rapid expansion and consumption of electronic devices and their short lifespan. This, in combination with their non-biodegradability, led to the need to explore environmentally friendly solutions for their safe disposal. One main obstacle when recycling plastics from WEEE is that they usually comprise harmful additives such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that need to be removed before or during their recycling. This paper reviews existing techniques for the recycling of plastics from WEEE and focuses specifically on the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of pyrolysis as an environmentally friendly method for the production of value-added materials (monomers, hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.). Current technological trends available for the recycling of plastics containing brominated flame retardants are reviewed in an attempt to provide insights for future research on the sustainable management of plastics from WEEE. Emphasis is given on conventional pyrolysis, where a pretreatment step for the debromination of products is applied. This is required since brominated compounds treated at high temperatures may result in the production of harmful to health compounds such as dioxins. All current pretreatment methods (solvent extraction, supercritical fluid technology, etc.) are presented and compared in detail. Co-pyrolysis is also investigated, as it seems to be a very interesting approach, since no catalysts or solvents are used, and at the same time, more plastic wastes can be consumed as feedstock. Furthermore, catalytic pyrolysis along with key parameters, such as the type of the catalyst or pyrolysis temperature, are fully analyzed. Catalysts affect the products’ distribution and enhance the removal of bromine from pyrolysis oils. Finally, an emerging technique, that of microwave-assisted pyrolysis, is also highlighted, as it offers many advantages over conventional pyrolysis. Of course, there are some impediments, such as the operational costs or other difficulties as regards the industrial implementation of the mentioned techniques that need to be overcome through future works. Keywords WEEE . Chemical recycling . Pyrolysis . Pretreatment . Catalytic pyrolysis . Brominated flame retardants

Introduction Due to the rapid technological and economic expansion, as well as people’s need for better living conditions, there has been a global rise in the consumption of electric and electronic Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Dimitriοs S. Achilias [email protected] 1

Laboratory of Polymers and Dye