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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Brominated and phosphate flame retardants from interior and surface dust of personal computers: insights into sources for human dermal exposure Lehuan Yu 1,2 & Shuling Ru 3 & Xiaobo Zheng 3,2 & Shejun Chen 4 & Huiying Guo 2 & Guijuan Gao 1 & Yuan Zeng 4 & Yijie Tang 1 & Bixian Mai 2 Received: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract It remains unclear whether internal or external sources play the more significant role in flame retardant (FR) contamination of surface dust from personal computers (PCs), which may lead to bias on dermal exposure assessment of FRs. In the present study, the occurrence and profiles of several brominated and phosphate FRs were measured in the interior dust, and the upper surface (keyboard) and bottom surface (bottom cover) wipes of PCs. BDE 209 (639 ng/g), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE, 885 ng/ g), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, 1880 ng/g) were the most abundant chemicals in interior PC dust, while tris(2chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), TPHP, and DBDPE were dominant on both surfaces of PCs. No significant correlation between interior dust and both PC surfaces was observed for concentrations of most FRs except BDE 183. Different sources of FRs for interior and surface dust of PCs were further revealed by principal component analysis (PCA). FRs from external sources, rather than emission from inner PC components, are likely the main contributor for FR profiles on PC surfaces. Exposure assessment results demonstrated a minor contribution from PC dermal contact, compared with hand-to-mouth uptake, to total exposure. The applicability of surface wipes to assess dermal exposure to FR-treated products needs to be further investigated. Keywords Personal computer dust . Surface wipe . Flame retardants . Dermal exposure

Introduction With the increasing usage of plastic-made products, numerous technical additives have been produced and utilized in daily

consumer products, and many of these additives were proved to be environmental contaminants (Hahladakis et al. 2018). Flame retardants (FRs) and plasticizers are additives widely applied in foams, plastics, and electronics. Polybrominated

Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11132-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Lehuan Yu [email protected] 1

School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Development Center of Applied Ecology and Ecological Engineering in Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou 510303, People’s Republic of China

2

State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China

3

College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republ