NRC Reviews Surface Processing of Electronic Materials in the United States and Japan
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nese universities graduate more eng i n e e r s p e r capita t h a n U.S. u n i v e r s i t i e s , but their p r o g r a m s are more academic, w i t h less e m p h a s i s on l a b o r a t o r y t r a i n i n g and advanced research. "It is U.S. c o m p a n i e s and g o v e r n m e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s t h a t a p p e a r to be lagging behind their J a p a n e s e c o u n t e r p a r t s , " says t h e r e p o r t . At p r e s e n t , t h e J a p a n e s e a r e a h e a d of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and a p plication of a d v a n c e d p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l ogies, especially b e c a u s e of a c o m m i t m e n t to l o n g - t e r m R & D by J a p a n e s e i n d u s t r y and b e c a u s e of t h e focus of g o v e r n m e n t f u n d i n g t o w a r d c o m m e r c i a l l y viable a r e a s . While 10 major s e m i c o n d u c t o r c o m p a n i e s in Japan h a v e v i g o r o u s p r o g r a m s for p r o jects w i t h a n e x p e c t e d payoff 7-10 y e a r s later, o n l y a few U.S. f i r m s h a v e such longt e r m p r o g r a m s . T h e r e p o r t cites g o v e r n m e n t - f u n d e d research as a " p o t e n t c a t a l y s t " for l o n g - r a n g e R & D in Japan's i n d u s t r i e s . It also cites t h e M i n i s t r y of I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e and I n d u s t r y ' s (MITI's) focus of g o v e r n m e n t f u n d i n g into a r e a s t h a t a r e c o n s i d e r e d c o m m e r c i a l l y viable in 5 - 1 0 y e a r s , n o t i n g t h a t " t h e majority of U.S.
g o v e r n m e n t f u n d i n g for e l e c t r o n i c s res e a r c h is directed t o w a r d n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e and a e r o s p a c e p r o g r a m s . " T h e r e p o r t r e c o m m e n d s " m e c h a n i s m s to e n c o u r a g e l o n g - t e r m c o m m i t m e n t to R & D in U.S. i n d u s t r y " and r e c o g n i z e s t h a t U.S. g o v e r n m e n t laboratories have the potential to p r o v i d e s u b s t a n t i a l s u p p o r t to U.S. companies,even though this"would require a c h a n g e in e m p h a s i s from c u r r e n t policy." " T h e a r e a of m o s t need a p p e a r s to be intermediate b e t w e e n the truly long-range r e s e a r c h and s h o r t - t e r m p r o c e s s i n g R & D n e c e s s a r y for p r e s e n t device t e c h n o l o g y , " cites t h e panel. Its r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is that U.S. i n d u s t r y be i n t i m a t e l y involved w i t h g o v e r n m e n t laboratories. "This would allow t h e c o m b i n e d r e s o u r c e s of g o v e r n m e n t and i n d u s t r y to be directed t o w a r d r e l e v a n t p r o b l e m s and to solve t h e s e p r o b l e m s on a set s c h e d u l e in m e s h w i t h industry needs." Japanese Lead in Seven Emerging Technologies T h e panel identified seven e m e r g i n g technological a r e a s of key i m p o r t a n c e to continued
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U.S. S t r e n g t h s T h e r e p o r t c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e Uni
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