Nuclear Fragments in 12 C + 9 Be Interactions at an Energy of 2 GeV per Nucleon
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EMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS Experiment
Nuclear Fragments in 12C + 9 Be Interactions at an Energy of 2 GeV per Nucleon B. M. Abramov1), 2) , M. Baznat3) , Yu. A. Borodin1) , S. A. Bulychjov1), I. A. Dukhovskoy1), A. P. Krutenkova1)* , V. V. Kulikov1), M. A. Martemianov1) , M. A. Matsyuk1), E. N. Turdakina1), and A. I. Khanov1) Received March 29, 2019; revised March 29, 2019; accepted March 29, 2019
Abstract—Differential cross sections for the production of nuclear fragments at an angle of 3.5◦ in the fragmentation of 2-GeV/nucleon carbon ions on a beryllium target were measured in the FRAGM experiment performed at the ITEP-TWA heavy-ion accelerator–accumulator complex. The predictions of four Monte Carlo models of ion–ion interactions (BC, INCL, LAQGSM, and QMD) were tested on the basis of a comparison with the momentum spectra of fragments. Successes and drawbacks of these models are discussed. The energy spectra of protons and 3 He nuclei in the cumulative region in the projectile rest frame are well described by an exponential dependence, which make it possible to estimate temperature parameters of their emission source. DOI: 10.1134/S106377881905003X
1. INTRODUCTION The present article reports on a continuation of a series of studies devoted to measuring the fragmentation of carbon ions at the ITEP-TWA heavyion accelerator-accumulator complex at the energies of 300 [1], 600 [2], and 950 [3] MeV per nucleon. The goals pursued in these investigations include testing modern Monte Carlo models that describe ion–ion interactions. These models are also used in applications—for example, in heavy-ion therapy and in the development of spallation neutron sources, radiation shields, and beams of radioactive nuclei. However, physics processes behind these model have not yet received adequate study. Present-day concepts of ion–ion interactions discriminate between two phases. The first one is an intranuclear cascade, while the second is the deexcitation of residual nuclear states via the emission of particles and nuclear fragments. A description of these processes depends both on the approaches used and on various phenomenological parameters. In view of this, there arose a wide variety of models and the need for testing them on the basis of the maximally broad 1)
Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 117218 Russia. 2) Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia. 3) Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of ˇ 2028 Moldova. Moldova, Chisin ¸ au, * E-mail: [email protected]
set of experimental data. In the present study, we restrict our attention to four popular models: the Binary Cascade [4] (BC) model, the Liege Intra Nuclear Cascade [5] (INCL) model, Quantum Molecular Dynamics [6] (QMD), and the Los Alamos Quark Gluon String Model [7] (LAQGSM). The first three ones are available for free within the GEANT4 code package [8]. The fourth, LAQGSM, is supported and developed at Los Alamos N
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