Numerical Prediction and Experimental Validation of the Microstructure of Bearing Steel Ball Formation in Warm Skew Roll
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INTRODUCTION
THE high performance of BSB depends on the microstructure formed with the manufacturing technique.[1] The traditional manufacturing method includes cold forging, hot forging, cutting and casting.[2,3] Cold forging was used to form small-sized BSBs whose diameter was < 20 mm. Hot forging was used to form larger-sized BSBs whose diameter was > 20 mm.[4] The special larger BSBs were formed using cutting and/or casting. The SR technique is more likely to be used to produce BSBs.[5,6] Compared with the traditional manufacturing method, the SR technique has some advantages, such as high production efficiency, saving materials and energy, lower costs, etc.[7] The application of the SR technique to form BSBs gets the most
YUANMING HUO and TAO HE are with the School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China. Contact e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] BAOYU WANG and ZHENHUA ZHENG are with the School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China. YONG XUE is with the School of Material Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P.R. China. Manuscript submitted July 20, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
attention from manufacturing engineers and researchers. The formation of steel balls using the SR technique has been reported in many articles. Pater[8–10] discussed multi-wedge helical rolling processes for producing steel balls and predicted the distribution of the effective strain, temperature and effective stress of steel balls with 50 mm diameter. Zhang[11] analyzed the structural parameters of roller finishing ridges using FEM ANSYS software for the hot SR process. Yang[12] developed a math model to design and manufacture a skew roller for producing steel balls. Hu and Zheng et al.[6,13] carried out a series of SR experiments to study the formation mechanism of steel balls based on experimental investigation and FE simulation. Cao et al.[14,15] designed a helical groove for producing steel balls using cold SR and conducted FE simulation to predict the forming process and damage evolution of BSBs. However, articles about multiscale microstructure evolution modelling are rarely found to predict the microstructure distribution of BSBs during SR. Warm deformation was defined as material deformation within a temperature range lower than the recrystallization temperature but higher than room temperature. Generally, its warm working was defined in the range of 0.4 to 0.6 melting temperature of bearing steel. As for bearing steel, warm deformation was conducted at temperatures in the range of 650 °C to
850 °C, where the dual phase ðc þ Fe3 CÞ zone was formed.[1] Warm deformation can accelerate the spheroidization of carbides for bearing steel. In addition, high precision of products can be guaranteed using warm deformation. Warm deformation has been adopted increasingly by engineers and researchers. At present, few publications have
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