Nutrients and fungal identity affect the outcome of symbiotic germination in Bipinnula fimbriata (Orchidaceae)
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Nutrients and fungal identity affect the outcome of symbiotic germination in Bipinnula fimbriata (Orchidaceae) María Isabel Mujica 1,2
&
Mauricio Cisternas 3,4,5 & Araceli Claro 1 & Mikhaela Simunovic 1 & Fernanda Pérez 1,2
Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Orchids produce small seeds with no energy reserves, relying entirely on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) for germination. This process, known as symbiotic germination, can lead to different outcomes depending on abiotic factors, such as nutrient availability. Previous studies have shown that nutrient addition has a negative effect on the outcome of symbiotic germination. However, if this effect varies across OMF species, and if it is related to a fungal response to nutrients, remains unknown. This paper examines the effect of fungal identity and nutrient addition (nitrogen and phosphorus) on the germination of the orchid Bipinnula fimbriata using seven OTUs of mycorrhizal fungi from the families Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae. We also evaluated the effect of nutrient addition on mycorrhizal fungi growth rates. Results showed that the nutrient effect on symbiotic germination varied depending on fungal identity. While there was a strong negative effect on symbiotic germination with all Tulasnella OTUs and two Ceratobasidium OTUs, less or no effect was observed on the other two Ceratobasidium OTUs. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism underlying this variation and how variable is the effect of nutrient addition on symbiotic germination in Orchidaceae and OMF species. Keywords Bipinnula . Fungal identity . Symbiosis outcome . Nutrient addition . Orchidaceae . Orchid mycorrhiza . Symbiotic germination
1 Introduction One main question in the study of symbiosis is how the context influences the outcome of the interaction (Johnson et al. 1997; Hoeksema and Bruna 2000). The costs and benefits that determine the net effect of a symbiotic interaction can vary over time and space, causing the interaction outcome to change along a continuum from mutualism to parasitism
* María Isabel Mujica [email protected] 1
Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
2
Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Chile
3
Jardín Botánico Nacional, Camino El Olivar 305, El Salto, Viña del Mar, Chile
4
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
5
Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Veterinarias, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
(Bronstein et al. 2006, 2014; Sachs and Simms 2006). This plasticity is frequently driven by the abiotic and biotic context in which the symbiotic interaction occurs, such as the abundance of key nutrients and the identity of species found in the community (Hoeksema and Bruna 2000; Shantz et al. 2016). For example, nutrient addition in legume-rhizobia symbiosis suppresses growth benefits to partners (Heath and Tiffin 2007; L
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