Nutrition and Behavior New Perspectives
Within the past decade there has been a veritable explosion of interest in the relationship between food and human behavior. It seems that there is an insatiable desire to find connections between what we eat and what we do. A clear example of this is the
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Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts
An (\Vi Book
Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold New York
An AVI book. (AVI is an imprint of Van Nostrand Reinhold)
Copyright © 1991 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover :reprint of the ha:rdcover 1st edition 1991 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 90-13072 ISBN -13: 978-1-4684-6598-3 e-ISBN -13: 978-1-4684-6596-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6596-9 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be
reproduced or used in any form by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher.
Van Nostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003 Chapman and Hall 2-6 Boundary Row London, SEI 8HN, England Thomas Nelson Australia 102 Dodds Street South Melbourne 3205 Victoria, Australia Nelson Canada 1120 Birchmount Road Scarborough, Ontario MIK 5G4, Canada 16 15 14 13 12 11
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Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data Kanarek, Robin B. Nutrition and behavior: new perspectives / Robin B. Kanarek and i,{obin Marks-Kaufman. p. cm. An AVI book." Includes bibliographical references and index. U
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6598-3
1. Nutrition. 2. Nutritionally induced diseases. 3. Dietary supplements-Psychological aspects. 4. Food additivesPsychological aspects. 5. Neuropsychology. I. Marks-Kaufman, Robin. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Behavior-drug effects. 2. Behavior-physiology. 3. Diet-adverse effects. 4. Nutrition. 5. Nutrition Disordersetiology. 6. Nutrition Disorders-physiopathology. QU 145 K155nJ QPI41.K285 1991 616.3'9-dc20 DNLMlDLC for Library of Congress
90-13072
CTP
To John, Daniel, and Jacob (RBK) and Richard, Melissa, and Jennifer (RMK)
Contents
Preface ix Acknowledgments
xi
1. Introduction 1 Historical Perspective Food Faddism 3 Research Strategies 4 2. Protein-Calorie Malnutrition, the Central Nervous System, and Behavior 10 Structure and Development of the Central Nervous System 10 Definition and Prevalence of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition 17 Consequences of Malnutrition on Brain Development 20 Behavioral Consequences of Malnutrition 22 3. Vitamins, the Central Nervous System, and Behavior Thiamin (Vitamin B,) 36 Niacin (Vitamin B3) 42 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 47 Cobalamin (Vitamin B n> 50 Folic Acid 52
35
4. Trace Minerals, the Central Nervous System, and Behavior 59 Iron Zinc 65 Iodine 69
57
5. Too Much of a Good Thing? Excess Intake of Vitamins and Minerals 79 Megavitamin Therapy 79 Treatment of Schizophrenia 81 Down's Syndrome and Other Forms of Mental Retardation 84 Effects of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements on Intelligence in Normal Children 88 v
vi
CONTENTS
Treatment of Autism 88 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 89 Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine) in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome 91 Vitamin and Mineral Toxicity 92 6. Heavy Metals, Nutrition, and Behavior Lead 102 Mercury llO Aluminum 119 Cadmium 123
102
7. Food Additives: Are There Behavioral Risks? Government Re
