Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition
Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition Victor R. Preedy Ronald Ross Watson Colin R. Martin, editors Few phenomena—if any—are as universal and fulfilling as eating. And few bonds are as intricate and personal as our relationship with food: our choices an
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Iodine and brain metabolism R.H. Verheesen and C.M. Schweitzer
Abbreviations T4 T3 MIT DIT NIS DEHAL1 TH RDA TSH NOS Pts WHO ICCIDD UI ADHD
3¢,5¢,3,5-tetraiodo-l-thyronine or thyroxine 3¢,3,5-triiodo-l-thyronine or triiodothyronine Monoiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine Sodium iodide symporter Iodotyrosine dehalogenases Tyrosine hydroxylase Recommended daily allowances Thyrotropin Nitric oxide synthase 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase World Health Organization International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Urinary iodine Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
152.1 Introduction The role of iodine in brain metabolism and development has been recognized since the first half of the twentieth century. Its ability to prevent and even cure goiter was described in 1918 by Marine et al. (Marine and Kimball 1990). Soon afterwards, substantial evidence arose for its role in preventing cretinism and the deterioration of brain development (Table 152.1). It is estimated that 5–30% of the people suffering from iodine deficiency eventually suffer from neurological impairment. The latest reports on iodine deficiency published by WHO (Benoist de et al. 2004; Andersson et al. 2007). make it clear that 2 billion people continue to suffer from iodine deficiency, with Europe having the biggest proportion of people who are iodine-deficient (Andersson et al. 2007) (Table 152.2). R.H. Verheesen (*) Regionaal Reuma Centrum Z.O. Brabant, Máxima Medisch Centrum, Ds. Th. Fliednerstraat 1, 5631 BM Eindhoven, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] V.R. Preedy et al. (eds.), Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_152, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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Table 152.1 Spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders (From Andersson et al. 2007; Hetzel 1983; Stanbury et al. 1998; Laurberg et al. 2000) Fetus
Abortions Stillbirths Congenital anomalies Increased perinatal mortality Endemic cretinism Neonate Neonatal hypothyroidism Endemic mental retardation Increased susceptibility of the thyroid gland to nuclear radiation Child and adolescent Goitre (Subclinical) hypothyroidism (Subclinical) hyperthyroidism Impaired mental function Retarded physical development Increased susceptibility of the thyroid gland to nuclear radiation Adult Goitre with its complications Hypothyroidism Impaired mental function Spontaneous hyperthyroidism in the elderly Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism Increased susceptibility of the thyroid gland to nuclear radiation Effects of iodine deficiency not only a fetus-related health problem
Table 152.2 Proportion of population, and number of individuals with insufficient iodine intake in school-age children (6-12 years), and in the general population (all age groups) by WHO region, 2003 Insufficient iodine intake (UI
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