Nutrition and the Upper Respiratory Tract
On a population basis multiple nutrient deficiencies are common in developing countries, whereas in developed countries obesity and vitamin D deficiency are important health issues. While nutrient deficiencies can lead to disease, the results of clinical
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James Bartley
Keywords
Zinc • Omega-3 • Vitamin A • Vitamin D • Probiotics • Milk • Immunity • Allergy • Infection • Upper respiratory
Core Messages
• Nutrient deficiencies are common among children and the elderly. • Probiotics may have a role in the prevention of upper respiratory infections • Zinc taken daily reduces the incidence of the common cold and reduces both the duration and severity of symptoms once one has developed a cold. • Vitamin D deficiency is common in the developed world. • Increasing evidence indicates that vitamin D supplementation has a potential role in the prevention of upper respiratory disease; however, optimal vitamin D levels and dosage regimens remain to be determined.
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While many basic scientific studies indicate that nutritional deficiencies can lead to illness and disease, in clinical practice diagnosing and treating potential deficiencies can be difficult. Nutrient deficiencies vary between developing and developed countries. In developing countries multiple nutritional deficiencies may be present, whereas in developed countries obesity and vitamin D deficiency are important nutritional issues (Taylor and Camargo 2011). Nutrient deficiencies are common in children (Black et al. 2008) and in the elderly particularly those in long-term residential care (Cowan et al. 2004). Increasing evidence indicates that zinc and vitamin D supplementation may have a potential role in the prevention of upper respiratory disease (Bartley 2010; Singh and Das 2011; Taylor and Camargo 2011).
14.2 J. Bartley, MB, ChB, FRACS, FFPMANZCA Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Counties Manukau District Health Board, 19 Lambie Drive, Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
Probiotics
Probiotics are live organisms that, when consumed in adequate quantities, provide health benefits to the host (Reid et al. 2003). Probiotics may have a role in the treatment of both upper
T.M. Önerci (ed.), Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-37250-6_14, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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J. Bartley
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respiratory infection and allergic rhinitis. Animal studies indicate that probiotics could be beneficial in the treatment of upper respiratory infection (Yasui et al. 2004; Racedo et al. 2006). Probiotics appear useful in reducing acute upper respiratory infection frequency and reducing antibiotic use, but they do not reduce the infective episode length (Hao et al. 2011). In vitro, certain human upper respiratory flora strains, mainly streptococcal species, appear able to prevent pathogenic colonization and infection of the upper respiratory tract (Fujimori et al. 1996; Brook and Gober 1999; Bernstein et al. 2006). Corynebacterium spp., a common bacterium of healthy nasal flora, has prevented Staphylococcus aureus colonization of nasal cavities in 71 % of volunteers (Uehara et al. 2000). In vivo Esp-secreting Staphylococcus epidermidis eliminates Staphylococcus aureus from the anterior nose (Iwase et al. 20
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