Obesity and Diabetes
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are chronic lifestyle diseases which are dramatically increasing worldwide leading to high costs and an enormous burden on the public health care system. Both biological and psychosocial factors, environment and lifestyle are i
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Contents 1 Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Drug Therapy for Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Conclusion and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Oral Anti-hyperglycaemic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Insulin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abbreviations 5-HT AMPK BMI CB1 DPP-4 DPP-4i EMA FDA GLP-1
5-Hydroxytryptamine 50 Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase Body mass index Cannabinoid-1 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors European Medicines Agency Food and Drug Administration Glucagon-like peptide 1
A. Kautzky-Willer (*) Gender Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, W€ahringer G€urtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] R. Lemmens-Gruber Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] V. Regitz-Zagrosek (ed.), Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 214, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_15, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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A. Kautzky-Willer and R. Lemmens-Gruber
GLP-1R IGF IGT PCOS SU
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor Insulin-like growth factor Impaired glucose tolerance Polycystic ovary syndrome Sulfonylureas
1 Obesity Obesity and type 2 diabetes are chronic lifestyle diseases which are dramatically increasing worldwide leading to high costs and an enormous burden on the public health care system. Both biological and psychosocial factors, environment and lifestyle are involved in the pathogenesis of these metabolic disorders and thus important sex- and gender-based differences can be found. These differences have also important implications for lifestyle intervention (nutrition and exercise) and drug therapy. The dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, affecting more than 1.1 billion individuals worldwide, has resulted in a major burden on healthcare resources in devel
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