Observation and assessment of crossing situations between pleasure craft and a small passenger ferry
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Observation and assessment of crossing situations between pleasure craft and a small passenger ferry Kjell Ivar Øvergård 1
& Marius
Stian Tannum 2 & Per Haavardtun 3
Received: 4 September 2019 / Accepted: 23 June 2020/ # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A study of navigational situations involving a small passenger ferry ‘Ole III’ was conducted based on participatory observations in the Husøysund strait in Tønsberg municipality, Norway. The aims were to document the extent to which crossing situations are solved according to navigational rules and practice, and to investigate the number of incidents which could pose a risk for Ole III and its passengers. Because of the high density of private pleasure craft, we expected a rather large number of non-compliance with navigational rules. Observations supported this assumption, and based on the total of 3152 crossings with Ole III where other vessels where present, a total of 279 (8.9%) incidents were considered to involve non-compliance with navigational rules and practice. A total of 165 incidents were caused by the other vessels failing to give way even though it had Ole III on its starboard side. This indicates that, at least in Norway, we may routinely expect pleasure craft to deviate from navigational rules for crossing situations. A number of incidents could partly be explained by a mismatch in understandings of which vessel had the right-ofway. Also, incident risk was higher when Ole III used active control strategies to handle crossing situations (e.g. keeping course and speed) as compared with passive control strategies. A taxonomy of situations based upon intentions is presented together with suggestions for control strategies for small passenger vessels that operate in waters with many pleasure craft. Keywords Component . Unmanned . Passenger ferries . Navigation . Control strategies
* Kjell Ivar Øvergård [email protected]
1
Department of Health-, Social-, and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Postboks 4, 3199 Borre, Norway
2
Department of Micro Systems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Postboks 4, 3199 Borre, Norway
3
Department of Maritime Operations, University of South-Eastern Norway, Postboks 4, 3199 Borre, Norway
Øvergård K.I. et al.
1 Introduction Many rivers and narrow passageways that are transited by small passenger ferries are also used by a large number of pleasure craft and other small vessels. A small passenger ferry is defined in Norwegian regulations as a ship of less than 24 m that carries 12 or fewer passengers (Nærings- og Fiskeridepartementet 2020). Pleasure craft impose an extra risk for small passenger vessels. It has been documented that pleasure craft are involved in a considerable number of accidents (Mohovic and Baric 2013), and they might also pose a risk to commercial vessels due to their sometimes unpredictable behaviour (Porathe 2015). Additionally, pleasure craft skippers may also have an increased prevalence of sailing while intoxicated and/or to sail at excessive speeds (Norwegian Maritime
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