Occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in soils subjected to livestock grazing in Azores archipelago: an environm
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in soils subjected to livestock grazing in Azores archipelago: an environment-health pollution issue? Vanessa Silva 1,2,3,4 & Fernando Peixoto 1 & Carolina Parelho 5,6 & Patrícia Garcia 5,6 & Armindo Rodrigues 5,7 & Adriana Silva 1,2,3,4 & Isabel Carvalho 1,2,3,4 & José Eduardo Pereira 8 & Gilberto Igrejas 2,3,4 & Patrícia Alexandra Curado Quintas Dinis Poeta 1,4 Received: 8 August 2019 / Revised: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Antibiotics are successful drugs used in human and animal therapy; however, they must be considered as environmental pollutants. This study aims to isolate and characterize the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli soil from Azores Archipelago subjected to livestock agricultural practices. Twenty-four soil samples were collected from three different pasture systems with different number of cattle heads, and from a control site. Antibiotic susceptibility method was performed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against 16 antibiotics, and the presence of genes encoding lactamases, antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, and phylogenetic groups was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nine ESBLs were recovered from the three grazing sites, and all isolates presented the beta-lactamase genes blaCTX-M3 and blaSHV. E. coli isolates were resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin and harbored the tetB, strA, and strB genes. One isolate also showed resistance to sulfonamides, and the genes sul1 and sul2 were detected. The isolates were grouped into the following phylogenic groups: B1 (n = 6), D (n = 2), and A (n = 1). The presence of antibiotics and resistance genes in soils may be the source to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which may have negative consequences in human and animal health. Keywords Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase . E. coli . Soil . Livestock . CTX-M . Environmental pollution
Introduction Antibiotics are one of the leading advance developments in medicine that prevent and treat bacterial infection diseases in
humans and animals. However, the acceleration of propagation of multidrug-resistant bacteria contributed to the antibiotic resistance that is considered one of the most important challenges to global public health in the last decades (Tang et al. 2016).
Vanessa Silva and Fernando Peixoto contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-020-00134-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Patrícia Alexandra Curado Quintas Dinis Poeta [email protected] 1
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Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Universit
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