Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in dried vine fruits from the Iranian market
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in dried vine fruits from the Iranian market Javad Feizy & Hamed Reza Beheshti & Mohammad Asadi
Received: 29 April 2012 / Revised: 9 September 2012 / Accepted: 10 September 2012 / Published online: 4 October 2012 # Society for Mycotoxin Research and Springer 2012
Abstract Forty samples of dried vine fruit (raisin, n022; currant, n018) were collected in 2009–2011 from the Iranian market. Aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were determined in these samples after immunoaffinity column clean-up by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for AFs B1. B2, G1, G2, and OTA were 0.62, 0.50, 0.70, 0.40, and 0.42 ng/g, respectively. AFB1 was found in one sample of raisin (0.64 ng/g) and in two samples of currant (0.20 and 0.63 ng/g). AFB2 (0.33 ng/g) and AFG2 (0.49 ng/g) were found in 2 samples of currant. OTA was detected in 3 of the 22 samples of raisin (mean 2.21 ng/g) and in one sample of currant (2.99 ng/g). The results show that in AFs and OTA levels are well below the regulatory limits both of the European Union and of Iran. Keywords HPLC . Aflatoxins . Ochratoxin A . Dried vine fruit
Introduction Raisins are dried grapes generally grown in the United States, Turkey, Greece, and Australia. The dominant variety of grape grown for raisins is “Muscatel”. Currants are dried fruit, usually seedless grapes or red, white, or black berries from the gooseberry family. The fruit used for dried currants have origins in Greece. J. Feizy : H. R. Beheshti : M. Asadi (*) Testa Quality Control Laboratory, North-East Food Industrial Technology and Biotechnology Park, Mashhad, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
Raisins are made from grapes that have seeds in them. The seeds are removed during the drying process. Currants are made from seedless fruit. Currants are smaller and darker than raisins. The taste is also different. Black currants have a strong tart flavour. Red currants are somewhat sweeter than the black currants, with a lighter flavor. Raisins have a very sweet flavour (http://www.ehow.com/info_ 8791093_currants-vs-raisins.html). Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive properties (Pitt et al. 2001). It was classified in 1993 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a possible human carcinogen (group 2 B) (IARC 1993). Surveys conducted in many different countries revealed the presence of OTA in different foodstuffs (Khoury et al. 2008; Sage et al. 2002) such as cereals, coffee beans, pulses (Feizy et al 2010; Fakoor Janati et al. 2011, 2012), wheat, barley, maize, and oats (Trucksess et al. 1999), spices (Hubner et al. 1998), meat, and cheese products (Gareis and Scheuer 2000). Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of a highly toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus (Deiner et al 1987; Kutrzman et al 1987), and to a lesser extent by A. nominus, A. tamarii (Goto et al. 1997) and A. pseudotam
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