Ocular findings in patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ocular findings in patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity P. B. Ulucan Atas
. O. M. Ceylan . Y. E. Do¨nmez . O. Ozel Ozcan
Received: 19 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Aim To evaluate ocular findings, contrast sensitivity, color perception, and macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials and methods This prospective study included a group of 37 patients aged 6–16 years diagnosed with combined ADHD and a healthy control group of 37 children. The participants underwent an ophthalmological examination. Color vision testing was administered using the Ishihara plates test. Contrast sensitivity test was performed using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test. Macular thickness and RNFL thickness were P. B. Ulucan Atas (&) Department of Ophtalmology, Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] O. M. Ceylan Department of Ophtalmology, Dıs¸ kapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Sag˘lık Bilimleri University, Ankara, Turkey Y. E. Do¨nmez Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey O. Ozel Ozcan Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Results No significant difference was found between the patient and control groups with regard to ocular findings, color vision, and convergence insufficiency (p [ 0.05). Contrast sensitivity level was significantly lower at four out of five spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 12, and 18 cpd) in the patient group compared to the control group. The RNFL thickness in nasal quadrant and macular thickness was significantly higher in the healthy control group compared to the ADHD group. Conclusion Contrast sensitivity levels and the nasal quadrant RNFL thickness were significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group. Based on the findings of the study, we suggest that the level of contrast in the tools used by ADHD patients in daily life settings should be enhanced. Keywords Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder Ophthalmological findings Contrast sensitivity Color vision Optical coherence tomography
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children with a worldwide prevalence of 6.7–7.8% [1].
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Int Ophthalmol
ADHD is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity– impulsiveness, and its symptoms often start before the age of 12 [2]. Although the exact etiology of ADHD remains unclear, a number of neurodevelopmental, genetic, and environmental factors have been blamed. Moreover, in genetic studies, various neurotransmitters particularly including dopamine transporter and D2 receptor genes have been implica
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