On the combination of water emergency wells and mobile treatment systems: a case study of the city of Berlin
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On the combination of water emergency wells and mobile treatment systems: a case study of the city of Berlin Christoph Stallkamp1 · Florian Diehlmann1 · Markus Lüttenberg1 · Marcus Wiens1 · Rebekka Volk1 · Frank Schultmann1 Accepted: 12 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A shortage of water leads to severe consequences for populations. Recent examples like the ongoing water shortage in Kapstadt or in Gloucestershire in 2007 highlight both the challenges authorities face to restore the water supply and the importance of installing efficient preparedness measures and plans. This study develops a proactive planning approach of emergency measures for possible impairments of water supply systems and validates this with a case study on water contamination in the city of Berlin. We formulate a capacitated maximal covering problem as a mixed-integer optimization model where we combine existing emergency infrastructure with the deployment of mobile water treatment systems. The model selects locations for mobile water treatment systems to maximize the public water supply within defined constraints. With the extension to a multi-objective decision making model, possible trade-offs between the water supply coverage and costs, and between the coverage of differently prioritized demand points are investigated. Therefore, decision makers benefit from a significantly increased transparency regarding potential outcomes of their decisions, leading to improved decisions before and during a crisis. Keywords Humanitarian logistics · Water contamination · Emergency wells · Disaster · GIS · Optimization
Christoph Stallkamp and Florian Diehlmann have contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-02003800-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Christoph Stallkamp [email protected] Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Annals of Operations Research
1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation Critical infrastructures are organizations and facilities with great importance to the public. Failure can lead to supply shortages of essential services as well as possible disruption of public safety (BMI 2009; UNISDR 2009). In case of an emergency, it is necessary to limit damages to critical infrastructures and to prevent possible corresponding disruptions of services (Wannous and Velasquez 2017). This objective is particularly relevant due to new security policy risks like international terrorism and significant natural risks that have an enhanced potential to damage critical infrastructures (Bross et al. 2019). Therefore, authorities need to update their continuity plans regularly and make sure that each part of the critical infrastructure is protected. The water supply system and the sewage system are one of the critical infrastructures of a city (BMI 2009). Potential damage to the system can lead to the unavailability of drinking water.
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