On the Incorporation of Pristine and Pre-vitrified Alkaline Battery Waste into Non-structural Clay Bricks
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ORIGINAL PAPER
On the Incorporation of Pristine and Pre‑vitrified Alkaline Battery Waste into Non‑structural Clay Bricks Sergio G. Assías1 · Carlos Clavijo2 · Sandra Usma2 · Pedro Delvasto2 Received: 24 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The purpose of this work was to explore the incorporation of black manganese oxide powder extracted from alkaline batteries into sintered-clay bricks. The black manganese oxide powder was added into the clay mixture in two different states: pristine and pre-vitrified. Three levels of addition were evaluated according to the final wt% of manganese in the bricks: 0.0, 0.1, and 2.5. The resulting test-bricks were then assessed to determine the following physical and mechanical properties: color change, water absorption, water saturation coefficient, compressive strength, and leaching/efflorescence tendency. The results were statistically tested for significance and compared to a standard industrial formulation for non-structural sintered-clay bricks used locally in Girón, Santander (Colombia). In general, the properties of the test-bricks deviated slightly from the standard formulation only when the final content of manganese in the test-bricks reached 2.5 wt%. In particular, the test-bricks with 2.5 wt% of manganese added in the pre-vitrified state, showed a darker brown color, 1.7 % less water absorption, and a 68 % increase on compressive strength, when compared to the industrial reference red-clay bricks. It is worth to point out that none of the test-bricks studied showed efflorescence tendency. In conclusion, the work proves that the Mn-oxides contained in spent alkaline batteries can be successfully incorporated into nonstructural red clay bricks. These findings would help to ease the adoption of novel circular economy strategies in developing countries with no access to metallurgical facilities for battery recycling. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Battery waste · Manganese oxide · Non-structural bricks · Clay-based ceramics · Waste vitrification · Circular economy
State of Novelty * Sergio G. Assías [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Spent alkaline batteries are a special waste whose traditional metallurgical valorization is difficult in developing countries due to multiple industrial limitations. Nevertheless, some
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previous studies stated that the manganese oxide from these batteries could be recovered and incorporated as a pigment into the production of sintered-clay bricks and tiles. Although this usage for battery waste has been previously described, to the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study that performs, and systematically evaluates, the previtrification of the Mn-rich content of the alkaline batteries before its incorporation into clay-bricks for non-structural applications. Consequently, the data reported herein is intended for helping developing countries to locally devise small-scale operations for battery waste valorizati
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