Alkaline Activation of Ceramic Waste Materials
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Alkaline Activation of Ceramic Waste Materials L. Reig • M. M. Tashima • L. Soriano • M. V. Borrachero • J. Monzo´ • J. Paya´
Received: 15 October 2012 / Accepted: 15 January 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract Ceramic materials represent around 45 % of construction and demolition waste, and originate not only from the building process, but also as rejected bricks and tiles from industry. Despite the fact that these wastes are mostly used as road sub-base or construction backfill materials, they can also be employed as supplementary cementitious materials, or even as raw material for alkali-activated binders. This research aimed to investigate the properties and microstructure of alkali-activated cement pastes and mortars produced from ceramic waste materials of various origins. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used to prepare the activating solution. The compressive strength of the developed mortars ranged between 22 and 41 MPa after 7 days of curing at 65 °C, depending on the sodium concentration in the solution and the water/binder ratio.
L. Reig (&) EMC, Universitat Jaume I, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castello´ de la Plana, Spain e-mail: [email protected] M. M. Tashima L. Soriano M. V. Borrachero J. Monzo´ J. Paya´ Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a del Hormigo´n (ICITECH), Universitat Polite`cnica de Vale`ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain e-mail: [email protected] L. Soriano e-mail: [email protected] M. V. Borrachero e-mail: [email protected] J. Monzo´ e-mail: [email protected] J. Paya´ e-mail: [email protected]
These results demonstrate the possibility of using alkaliactivated ceramic materials in building applications. Keywords Ceramic waste Waste management Alkaline activation Compressive strength
Introduction The Portland cement clinker is the dominant binder used in concrete. However, its production requires approximately 850 kcal and involves the emission of nearly 0.8–1.0 kg of CO2 per kg of cement produced [1]. The cement industry, together with the scientific community, is actively seeking alternatives to reduce the energy involved in cement production, to produce low-CO2 binders and to reuse waste materials from other industries. Ceramic wastes in Spain abound and they are generated by not only the industry, but also by the construction sector. According to [2], approximately 950 kg per person and per year derived from the construction field in 2007 in Spain, although this amount lowered in subsequent years due to the economic crisis (520 kg per person/year in 2009). Approximately 45 % of construction and demolition wastes are ceramic in nature. Different ceramic materials production categories can be distinguished in accordance with the source of raw materials: structural ceramic products (i.e., bricks, roofing tiles, vaults, etc.), ceramic tiles and sanitary ware. As reported by HYSPALIT (the Spanish Association of Manufacturers of Bricks and Clay Roofing Tiles), the manufacture of structural ceramics
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