On the Measurement of the Main Inorganic Contaminants Derived from Cl, S and N in Simulated Waste-Derived Syngas
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ORIGINAL PAPER
On the Measurement of the Main Inorganic Contaminants Derived from Cl, S and N in Simulated Waste‑Derived Syngas Vanessa F. de Almeida1 · Alberto Gómez‑Barea1 · Javier Arroyo‑Caire1 · Israel Pardo1 Received: 4 April 2019 / Accepted: 11 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Because of the heterogeneity and high content of contaminant precursors (Cl, S and N), gasification of waste-derived fuels is challenging compared to clean biomass. A great deal of work has been published on thermal conversion of wastes. However, reliable quantification of pollutants (i.e. HCl, H2S, NH3 and HCN) during gasification of wastes remains a difficult task. Particularly, it is hard to scale-up results from laboratory-scale to industrial reactors, since the materials and methods used in the former result in a significant interference with the gasification process, whereas in the latter the interaction is very limited. In this paper, these issues are investigated by: (i) analyzing pilot/laboratory plant data from literature to calculate the recovery (ratio between the contaminant measured in the output streams and that in the input fuel); and (ii) conducting dedicated laboratory tests in various setups, doping a gas with the main inorganic contaminants in concentrations typical of waste-derived syngas. Outcomes from our tests are helpful to elucidate the inconsistencies detected when analyzing data from the literature. Recommendations for proper sampling and analysis of contaminants during the gasification of wastederived fuels are given, so that the measurements from laboratory can be properly scaled up. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Gasification · Municipal solid waste (MSW) · Dried sewage sludge (DSS) · Hydrogen chlorine (HCl) · Hydrogen sulfide ( H2S) · Ammonia ( NH3) Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Abbreviations Cl-fuel Chlorine content in fuel CM Cattle manure daf Dry ash free basis DSS Dried sewage sludge EOX Extractable organic halogen ER Equivalence ratio FB Fluidized bed FIA Flow injection analysis FL A type of SRF FL290 SRF torrefacted at 290 °C FL320 SRF torrefacted at 320 °C GC Gas chromatography HM Heavy metals IC Ion chromatography ID Internal diameter ISE Ion-selective electrode MB Mass balance Micro GC Micro gas chromatography MSW Municipal solid waste N-fuel Nitrogen content in fuel NS Not specified PL Poultry litter PM Pig manure ppmv Part per million volume R Recovery ratio RDF Refuse derived fuel RT A type of SRF SEM Scanning electron microscopy SRF Solid recovered fuel WP White pellets wt Weight 310SS 316 Stainless steel 316SS 316 Stainless steel τ Gas residence time
Statement of Novelty Contaminant formation during thermal conversion of waste is much higher when compared to clean biomass. Accurate quantification of pollutants is specially required when dealing with waste valorization. From literature review and assessment of some lab-scale publications, it was detected inconsistenci
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