Online Optimal Control Strategy Methodology for Power-Split Hybrid Electric Bus Based on Historical Data
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ONLINE OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGY METHODOLOGY FOR POWER-SPLIT HYBRID ELECTRIC BUS BASED ON HISTORICAL DATA Xiaohua Zeng, Zhenwei Wang, Yue Wang* and Dafeng Song State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China (Received 6 September 2019; Revised 26 December 2019; Accepted 26 December 2019) ABSTRACTAn online optimal control strategy methodology on the basis of historical data for a power-split hybrid electric bus (HEB) is proposed in this study. This approach aims to fully utilize the fuel-saving capability of power-split HEB under real operating cycles and provide an effective way for solving the optimal calibration problem in the application promotion. Firstly, a procedure for synthesizing real-world driving cycles based on cluster analysis and Markov chain method is constructed. Subsequently, dynamic programming (DP) control algorithm is performed to explore the fuel economy potential. Moreover, a DP-based rule control strategy with an automated implementation foundation is introduced to achieve online approximate optimal effect. Finally, offline simulation and hardware-in-the-loop test are conducted. Simulation results validate that the proposed online optimal control strategy methodology has similar fuel-saving performance to DP optimal results and good real-time application conditions. KEY WORDS : Power-split hybrid electric bus, Online optimal control strategy methodology, Driving cycle synthesis, Fuel economy potential, Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)
NOMENCLATURE t : feature vector of synthesized cycle : feature vector of historical data i x : state vector u : control variable L : instantaneous cost SOCmin : allowable lower limit of SOC range, % SOCmax : allowable upper limit of SOC range, % Pbat,min : allowable lower limit of battery power, kW Pbat,max : allowable upper limit of battery power, kW d(p,o) : distance between two working points p and o dk(p) : kth distance far away from operating point p Nk(p) : kth distance neighborhood for point p reach-distk(p,o) : kth reachable distance between points o and p Lrd : local reachable density Nkk(p) : inverse kth distance neighborhood for point p NNk(p) : union of set Nk(p) and set Nkk(p) NLOF(p) : new density-based local outlier factor for point p
1. INTRODUCTION With the increasing concern toward energy shortage and environmental pollution, hybrid technology has become an important branch of automotive technology and industrial innovation (Awadallah et al., 2017; Gavgani et al., 2016). *Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] 1247
The city bus is an important part of public transportation; hence, the development of hybrid buses is of great importance for improving energy consumption and urban environment. With the potential for achieving high fuel economy, power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been seen as a hybrid powertrain architecture to improve fuel economy (Zeng et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2014; Qi et al., 2018). The ap
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