Open Quantum Systems An Introduction
In this volume the fundamental theory of open quantum systems is revised in the light of modern developments in the field. A unified approach to the quantum evolution of open systems is presented by merging concepts and methods traditionally employed by d
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Ángel Rivas Susana F. Huelga •
Open Quantum Systems An Introduction
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Ángel Rivas Departmento de Física Teórica Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 2191-5423 ISBN 978-3-642-23353-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23354-8
Susana F. Huelga Institut für Theoretische Physik Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89069 Ulm Germany e-mail: [email protected]
e-ISSN 2191-5431 e-ISBN 978-3-642-23354-8
Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011936528 Ó The Author(s) 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Berlin/Figueres Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
To write an introduction to the dynamics of open quantum systems may seem at first a complicated, albeit perhaps unnecessary, task. On the one hand, the field is quite broad and encompasses many different topics which are covered by several books and reviews [1–36]. On the other hand, the approach taken to study the dynamics of an open quantum system can be quite different depending of the specific system being analyzed; for instance, references in quantum optics (e.g. [1, 10, 11, 15, 17, 26]) use tools and approximations which are usually quite different from the studies focused on condensed matter or open systems of relevance in chemical physics (e.g. [8, 13, 27, 30, 33]). Moreover, very rigorous studies by the mathematical physics community were carried out in the 1970s, usually from a statistical physics point of view. More recently, and mainly motivated by the development of quantum information science, there has been a strong revival in the study of open many body systems aimed at further understanding the impact of decoherence phenomena on quantum information protocols [53]. This plethora of results and approaches can be quite confusing to novices in the field. Even within the more experienced scientists, discussions on fundamental properties (e.g. the concept of Markovianity) have often proven not to be straightforward when researches from different communities are involved. Our motivation in writing this work
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