Operando Research in Heterogeneous Catalysis

This book is devoted to the emerging field of techniques for visualizing atomic-scale properties of active catalysts under actual working conditions, i.e. high gas pressures and high temperatures. It explains how to understand these observations in terms

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Joost Frenken Irene Groot Editors

Operando Research in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Springer Series in Chemical Physics Volume 114

Series editors Albert W. Castleman, University Park, USA Jan Peter Toennies, Göttingen, Germany Kaoru Yamanouchi, Tokyo, Japan Wolfgang Zinth, München, Germany

The purpose of this series is to provide comprehensive up-to-date monographs in both well established disciplines and emerging research areas within the broad fields of chemical physics and physical chemistry. The books deal with both fundamental science and applications, and may have either a theoretical or an experimental emphasis. They are aimed primarily at researchers and graduate students in chemical physics and related fields.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/676

Joost Frenken ⋅ Irene Groot Editors

Operando Research in Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Editors Joost Frenken Huygens–Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Institute of Physics Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands

Irene Groot Huygens–Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands

and

and

Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography Amsterdam The Netherlands

Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands

ISSN 0172-6218 Springer Series in Chemical Physics ISBN 978-3-319-44437-6 ISBN 978-3-319-44439-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44439-0

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950751 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

In modern society, catalysis is a crucial technology. Approximately 90% of all chemicals and materials we use are produced via catalysis. Furthermore, catalysis impacts around one-quarter of the world’s gross domestic pr