Opportunistic screening of cardiovascular disease risk factors in community pharmacies in Nigeria: a cross-sectional stu
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Opportunistic screening of cardiovascular disease risk factors in community pharmacies in Nigeria: a cross‑sectional study Casmir Amadi1 · Folasade Lawal2 · Wale Ajiboye3 · Rosarii Agbim4 · Amam Mbakwem1 · Jayne Ajuluchukwu1 · David A. Oke1 Received: 22 June 2019 / Accepted: 25 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Background Early identification and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors through screening are crucial in the primary prevention of CVD and reduction in healthcare-related costs. Use of Non-Physician Healthcare-workers including Community Pharmacists has been advocated as an effective and cost-efficient model of healthcare delivery. In Nigeria the use of community pharmacists for mass screening of CVD risk factors has not been explored. Objective We sought to investigate the possibility of mass CVD risk factor screening in community pharmacies by pharmacists. Setting Lagos, Nigeria. Methods Between October and December 2018 eight hundred and eighty-nine apparently healthy participants were screened for obesity, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia in ten community pharmacies. Diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia were screened for using point-of-care testing modalities. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic data of the participants. Main outcome measures Prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking and alcohol intake. Results Mean age of the subjects was 56.8 ± 21.1 years. Majority (57.4%) were females. Prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake were 4.3% and 26.7% respectively. 59.7% and 71.5% of males and females were either overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) respectively. Prevalence of hypertension was 28.2% in all subjects, 30.9% in males and 26.3% in females, p 130/80 mmHg prevalence of hypertension was 55.1%. Diabetes was detected in 3% of the subjects while 45.3% had hypercholesterolaemia. In total, 64.1% of the subjects were diagnosed with CVD risk factors for the first time. Conclusion Opportunistic screening for CVD risk factors is possible in community pharmacies and has the ability to detect previously undiagnosed risk factors. This community pharmacy based model could serve as a cost-effective approach to primary prevention of CVD. Keywords Community pharmacy · CVD risk factors · CVD screening · Feasibility
Impacts on practice • This study result has the potential benefit of widening the
scope of community pharmacists’ involvement in healthcare delivery in Nigeria beyond dispensing medications. A National Policy that will incorporate community phar-
* Casmir Amadi [email protected] 1
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi‑Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
2
Victory Drugs Ltd, Festac, Lagos, Nigeria
3
St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
4
Silver Line Pharmacy, Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria
macists into mainstream provision of primary care will harness this feasibility for improved healthcare deliv
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