Optical system design for light detection and ranging sensor with an ultra-wide field-of-view using a micro actuator
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TECHNICAL PAPER
Optical system design for light detection and ranging sensor with an ultra-wide field-of-view using a micro actuator Hyun Choi1 • Wan-Chin Kim2 Received: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors can measure the three-dimensional environment by irradiating near-infrared light and measuring the flight time of light scattered from objects. As the demand for three-dimensional measurement and imaging technology for future applications in autonomous vehicles increases, this technology has become increasingly important. In this paper, we propose an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) optical system for LiDAR sensors that can sequentially scan the beam emitted by a high-power laser through a compact and inexpensive beam steering system using a micro-actuator with a compact size and a fisheye lens. The proposed optical system for LiDAR sensors consists of a microactuator mounted focusing lens for beam steering, a fisheye lens with a wide FOV, and a relay lens to combine the intermediate image planes of the two lens systems effectively. We also proposed an optical system without a relay lens to modify the fisheye lens design to achieve a smaller size. To confirm the theoretical feasibility, we designed a practical optical system for LiDAR sensors with a FOV of approximately 176°, which is much higher than the FOVs of other nonrotating LiDAR sensors.
1 Introduction Autonomous vehicles use several types of sensors to recognize their surroundings accurately. Among these sensors, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors have a long detection range and high resolution in both the range and angular direction, making it popular for autonomous vehicles. Spatial information measured by the LiDAR sensor is provided in 3-dimensional by combining depth information and plane information. LiDAR sensor’s detection range (depth information) is measured using a time-of-flight (TOF) technique (Gokturk et al. 2005; Hsu et al. 2006; Schuon et al. 2008). TOF technology calculates the distance by measuring the time for light emitted from a light source to be scattered at the target object and received by a photodetector such as a multi-pixel photon counter,
& Wan-Chin Kim [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konyang University, 121, Daehak-ro, Nonsan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 32992, Korea
2
Department of Smart Manufacturing Applied Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125, Dongseo-daero, Yuseonggu, Daejeon 34158, Korea
avalanche photodiode, or PIN photodiode. Information about the plane space is measured using a scanner or array detector. LiDAR sensor types are classified into various methods according to the scanning method and array detector. A mechanical rotation-type LiDAR sensor is carried out by arranging a tilting mirror, polygon mirror, or spinning head by the rotating beam to 360° by horizontal scanning and the vertical scanning, whi
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