Optimization of Cathode Material Components by Means of Experimental Design for Li-Ion Batteries
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08413-2 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Optimization of Cathode Material Components by Means of Experimental Design for Li-Ion Batteries AMIR REZA FATHI,1 REZA RIAHIFAR ,1,2 BABAK RAISSI,1 MAZIAR SAHBA YAGHMAEE,1 and MILAD GHORBANZADEH1 1.—Nano-Technology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran. 2.—e-mail: [email protected]
The positive electrode of a Li-ion battery is made from active material, a binder and conductive material. In this work, the direct and interaction effects of these components on electrochemical performance of a Li-ion cell is studied using design of experiments. For this purpose, a two-level full factorial design was used and interactions were analyzed using analysis of variance. The content of carbon black and graphite as conductive materials and polyvinylidene difluoride as binder are considered as input parameters. Theactive material is NCM622 in the current work. Initial discharge capacity and Warburg coefficient obtained from impedance spectroscopy are output responses. Eleven experiments along with the central points were conducted to determine the relationship between process parameters and the output responses. This information is needed to optimize the output. It was observed that all three parameters are significant. In low carbon black and graphite content, the binder has a negative effect on both parameters, but in high levels of carbon black content it has a positive effect due to the better connectivity of carbon particles with each other. The results show that interaction of carbon black-binder and carbon black-graphite are also significant. Mathematical models were presented in order to optimize the parameters.
(Received February 15, 2020; accepted August 13, 2020)
Fathi, Riahifar, Raissi, Yaghmaee, and Ghorbanzadeh
Graphic Abstract
Key words: NCM622, carbon black, design of experiments, Li-ion batteries, ANOVA, Warburg coefficient
INTRODUCTION Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require high-performance rechargeable batteries.1–4 Lithium-ion batteries are used as the main source of energy in EVs and HEVs due to their higher energy density over other energy storage devices. The performance of Li-ion batteries in
HEVs is largely limited to the cathode material since high specific energy is needed in HEVs.5–9 In recent years, new cathode materials with high potential and capacity have been considered. Cathodes with ternary transition metal oxide systems LiNixCoyMnzO2 (with x + y + z = 1) due to the higher energy and moderate cost are preferred over the traditional alternative cathodes such as LiCoO2
Fig. 1. List of processing parameters which influence electrode preparation.
Optimization of Cathode Material Components by Means of Experimental Design for Li-Ion Batteries
or LiMn2O4.10 The capacity in this layered oxide family is mainly obtained by changing the electron valence of Ni. Therefore, the high Ni value, for example in NCM622 and NCM811, is suitable fo
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