Optimization of Chitosan Nanoparticles Synthesis and Its Applications in Fatty Acid Absorption
Chitosan, the linear co-polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) residues, is linked via ß-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Naturally, chitosan occurs in the cell walls of some fungi, but today’s commercial production is by partial chemical de-
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1 Introduction Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of b-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It is obtained commercially by chemically treating the chitin obtained from shrimp and other crustacean shells with the alkali; sodium hydroxide (Austin et al. 1981). Owing to the cationic polyamines present on the chitosan, it has many commercial and biomedical applications. The ability of the biopolymer to limit fat absorption has been exploited in the present research. The studies have involved the hypercholesterolemic mice model treated with chitosan varying in degree of polymerization (DP) and acetylation (DA) (Baker et al. 2009; Patti et al. 2015; Stefan et al. 2014; Sugano et al. 1988; Zhang et al. 2008). The usage of chitosan in fat scavenging has also been extended to human patients. The bottleneck in the fat absorption has been the linear morphology of chitosan. This manuscript addresses and improvises on this limitation by making nanoparticles of chitosan. The spherical morphology of the nanoparticle would improve the surface area and thus the ability to absorb fats. In making these nanoparticles, the Ionotrophic gelation method is used. This method makes use of the electrostatic interaction between the amine group of chitosan (dissolved in the organic acid) and
R. Raval R.H. Rangnekar Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India e-mail: [email protected] R.H. Rangnekar e-mail: [email protected] K. Raval (&) National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, Karnataka, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 R. Mohan B. et al. (eds.), Materials, Energy and Environment Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2675-1_30
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negatively charge group of polyanion such as Tri-polyphosphate (Krishna et al. 2011). The interaction can be controlled by the charge density of TPP and Chitosan, which is dependent on the pH of the solution The above method holds an advantage of being not only fast but is also economical.
2 Materials and Methods 2.1
Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles
Chitosan at a concentration of 1 mg/ml was dissolved in 3 % organic acid. The nanoparticles were made by dropwise addition of Na-TPP solution (0.4 mg/ml) to the beaker containing chitosan solution. The resulted opalescent solution was then ultrasonicated for 10 min (pulse of 30 s on and 30 s off).
2.2
Testing of Size of Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Zeta Analyzer
The samples were placed in Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS and the particle size distribution (PSD) and zeta potential (ZP) of the Nanoparticles were analyzed.
2.3
Testing for Fat Absorption of Chitosan Nanoparticles
The chitosan nanoparticles (500 µl) were mixed with 500 µl of x-3 fatty acid. Two set-up of the experiment were performed. In the first, the chitosan was kept for 0 min and in another it was incubated for a period of 24 h. The mixture was then vortexed for 5 min, followed by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 2 min. The upper layer (300 µl) of chitosan n
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