Optimization of engineered water injection performance in heterogeneous carbonates: a numerical study on a sector model
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ORIGINAL PAPER--PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Optimization of engineered water injection performance in heterogeneous carbonates: a numerical study on a sector model Jamiu Oyekan Adegbite1 · Emad Walid Al‑Shalabi1 Received: 9 January 2020 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract One of the emerging technologies for boosting oil recovery in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs is engineered/lowsalinity water injection (EWI/LSWI). In this paper, optimization of engineered water injection is investigated using three synthetic sector models representing homogeneous, heterogeneous with channeling, and heterogeneous with gravity underride reservoirs. Both oil recovery and net present value were investigated as objective functions for the study. Eighteen design parameters were selected for the study including reservoir, operational, and economic parameters. Response Surface Methodology and Designed Exploration and Controlled Evolution algorithms were implemented for sensitivity analysis and optimization studies, respectively. The study highlighted that NPV is more representative as an objective function compared to oil recovery where the three optimized models have about similar oil recovery, but different NPVs. The sensitivity analysis showed that oil price, tax rate, and initial oil saturation are the three most influential design parameters on the net present value for the three models investigated. Moreover, the findings showed that developing the gravity underride model requires more attention as being the most sensitive model with 13 influential design parameters. The optimization study highlighted that secondary EWI is recommended to achieve the best profitability out of the three models. However, a high maximum exposure is expected due to the capital and operational costs related to early EWI application. This study is one of the very few that discusses the economic aspect of EWI while incorporating the complexity of geochemical reactions and the heterogeneity of carbonates. Keywords Engineered water injection (EWI) · Numerical optimization of EWI · Economic aspects of EWI · Geochemistry · Net present value (NPV) List of symbols R Net cash flow I Discount rate t Time S Saturation Greek letters θ Interpolation factor Subscripts/superscripts c Capillary o Oil T Total w Water
Abbreviations COBR Crude oil/brine/rock DECE Designed Exploration and Controlled Evolution EW Engineered water EWI Engineered water injection FW Formation water FWI Formation water injection LSW Low-salinity water LSWI Low-salinity water injection NPV Net present value OOIP Original oil in place RSM Response Surface Methodology
Introduction * Emad Walid Al‑Shalabi [email protected] 1
Petroleum Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Significant improvements in oil recovery from carbonates have been observed through adjusting the ionic composition of the injected brine (Webb et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2007; Jerauld et al. 2008; Austad et al. 2008; Yousef et
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