Optimization of process of the honeycomb-like structure formation by the regime of reversing current (RC) in the second
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Optimization of process of the honeycomb-like structure formation by the regime of reversing current (RC) in the second range Nebojša D. Nikolić 1
&
Predrag M. Živković 2 & Nevenka Elezović 3 & Uroš Lačnjevac 3
Received: 27 February 2020 / Revised: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Formation of the honeycomb-like electrodes of copper by the regime of reversing current (RC) in the second range has been investigated. Morphological and structural characteristics of this electrode type obtained by various parameters of RC regimes were examined by the techniques of scanning electron and optical microscopies, while the amount of hydrogen produced during electrodeposition process was quantified by determination of the average current efficiency for hydrogen evolution reaction. To optimize the process of formation of the honeycomb-like electrodes, the following parameters of square wave RC regimes were analyzed: the cathodic current density, the same anodic to cathodic time ratios but various durations of the cathodic and the anodic pulses, and the various values of the anodic to cathodic time ratios. The minimal amount of hydrogen spent for formation of the honeycomb-like electrodes with maximal number of holes formed from detached hydrogen bubbles is obtained with the anodic to cathodic time ratio of 0.50 and duration of the cathodic and anodic pulses of 2 and 1 s, respectively. To explain formation of the honeycomb-like electrodes of optimal morphological and structural characteristics, the upgraded mathematical model defining the RC regime in the second range was proposed and discussed. Keywords Electrodeposition . Reversing current (RC) regime . Copper . The honeycomb-like structure . Morphology . Hydrogen
Introduction The honeycomb-like or the 3D foam structures formed by electrolysis represent a relatively new type of metal electrodes which investigation has been extensively commenced by the beginning of this century [1–3]. The advantage of these 3D electrodes relative to 2D ones is its very developed surface area achieved by simultaneous processes of metal electrodeposition and vigorous hydrogen evolution, making them very suitable for application in batteries, sensors, and fuel cells. The method of formation of the honeycomb-like or the 3D foam structures is known as gas
* Nebojša D. Nikolić [email protected] 1
ICTM-Department of Electrochemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia
2
Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
3
Institute of Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
bubble dynamic template method or dynamic hydrogen bubble template (DHBT) method where hydrogen bubbles generated by electrodeposition in the hydrogen codeposition range act as dynamic template around which metal electrodeposition occurs [4–6]. Thinking to electrolytically generated hydrogen bubbles, morphology of the honeycomb-like struct
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