Optimizing the biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite for the consolidation of bone using diammonium phosphate, simulate
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Optimizing the biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite for the consolidation of bone using diammonium phosphate, simulated body fluid, and gelatin Elisavet Nesseri1 · Stamatis C. Boyatzis1 · Nikos Boukos2 · Georgios Panagiaris1 Received: 8 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Strategies involving the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) are significant in health and materials sciences, and lately, in heritage science. Conditions for the optimized heterogeneous formation of HAP for consolidating bone are investigated using a simple methodology with discs of calcium-containing starting materials and phosphate-containing reagent solutions; the results were evaluated against whole bone specimens. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) solutions with simulated body fluid (SBF) and gelatin as cofactors in all combinations were used in trials, while the products were characterized by microscopy, elemental microanalysis, X-Ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hypothesis that bone, SBF, and gelatin may biomimetically promote HAP formation was tested through a simple experimental design. The results showed that HAP is generally formed in mixtures with octacalcium phosphate (OCP), as well as calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite). The precipitation of carbonate HAP signals the formation of a biocompatible product in the cases where SBF and gelatin were employed as cofactors. Gelatin was found to further promote the product formation in most cases. It was shown that DAP, as well as its combination with gelatin, could predominantly form HAP in most trials, while OCP is co-crystallized in SBF-containing solutions. Keywords Apatite · Bone · Consolidation · Biomimetic · Cultural heritage · Conservation Abbreviations ATR Attenuated total reflection DAP Diammonium phosphate, (NH4)2HPO4, DSP Disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray, HAP Hydroxyapatite c-HAP Carbonate hydroxyapatite n-HAP Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite s-HAP Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy IRSF Infrared Splitting Factor
SBF Simulated Body Fluid SI Supplementary Information SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy, XRD X-ray diffractometry
1 Introduction In the protection of cultural heritage, methodologies have been developed employing chemical strategies for synthesizing minerals such as organo-silicates, oxalates, and
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03547-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Stamatis C. Boyatzis, [email protected]; Elisavet Nesseri, [email protected]; Nikos Boukos, [email protected]; Georgios Panagiaris, [email protected] | 1Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece. 2Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece. SN Applied Sc
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