Organic Acid and Solvent Production
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Organic Acid and Solvent Production Part I: Acetic, Lactic, Gluconic, Succinic and Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acids PALMER ROGERS, JIANN-SHIN CHEN AND MARY JO ZIDWICK
In Memorium Shortly before the completion of this chapter, Palmer Rogers passed away suddenly. Palmer was the one who motivated and shepherded us to the completion of this work. He had a lifelong dedication to education of students and helped them attain the satisfaction that achieving indepth understanding of science through hard work can bring. Palmer was kind, creative, energetic and uncompromising in his scientific integrity and will be remembered with fondness by the many people whose lives he touched.
General Introduction The objective of this chapter is to present the ways bacteria are effectively harnessed as biocatalysts to perform the synthesis of bulk organic acids and solvents. Prior to the development of the petroleum-based chemical industry, microbial fermentations of agricultural biomass were a major source of a number of useful bulk organic chemicals. Commercial chemical production often emerged from a much earlier food processing technology where grains, corns, milks and fruits were fermented to wines, beers, cheeses and vinegars. Beginning at the end of the 19th century and continuing to the present, specific bacterial strains were selected from nature to produce commercially needed bulk chemicals such as lactic acid, acetic acid, acetone and butanol and more recently gluconic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates. With the advent of genetic engineering, bacterial strains are being altered for production of propanediols, butanediol and succinic acid at higher yields and productivity than are possible using natural strains. Table 1 lists a selected number of organic acids and solvents (covered in detail in this chapter) produced by prokaryotes. The topical products are selected based on the following properties of the production process that are either wellknown or under development:
1) Bacteria-catalyzed processes convert cheap biomass into the desired products at high yield and low cost. 2) Downstream separation and purification technologies have been applied successfully to the process. 3) The product, as a commodity chemical, has diverse applications and the promise of a strong future market. Each section includes the following information about the product: 1) introduction and history of the process; 2) scientific background such as microbiological principles, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, and product chemistry; 3) commercial fermentation and bioprocess technologies, economics, and competitive processes; 4) research and development, such as approaches to strain improvement and new process technologies; 5) patent and regulatory issues; 6) prospects for the process; and 7) a reference list. In today’s world, the biotechnology industry, which includes the bacterial production of c
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