Current advance in biological production of short-chain organic acid
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MINI-REVIEW
Current advance in biological production of short-chain organic acid Li Sun 1,2 & Mengyue Gong 3 & Xueqin Lv 1,2 & Ziyang Huang 1,2 & Yang Gu 1,2 & Jianghua Li 1,2 & Guocheng Du 1,2 & Long Liu 1,2 Received: 18 July 2020 / Revised: 14 September 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract As natural metabolites, organic acids have been widely applied in food, pharmaceutical, and bio-based materials industries. Particularly, the short-chain organic acids, including C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 organic acids, are necessary intermediate metabolites in cells and are also alternatives to some commercial chemical products. As the necessary metabolites in cells, most major short-chain organic acids can be produced through microbial fermentation. Specifically, with the development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering could endow cells with the ability to produce more short-chain organic acid products including propionic acid, pyruvate, lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, butyric acid, itaconic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, glutaric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, muconic acid, adipic acid, xylonic acid, and so on. The recent advances in the biological production of short-chain organic acids, as well as the challenges and perspectives, are summarized in this review to promote the generation of microbial cell factories for the production of short-chain organic acids. Key points • Outlines the production strategy of short-chain organic acids • Provide guidance for efficient synthesis of short-chain organic acids • Impacts the necessary factor of acid resistance on the successful production of host cells Keywords Short-chain organic acids . Biosynthetic pathways . Metabolic engineering . Organic acid biosensor . Acid tolerance
Introduction Short-chain organic acids are low molecular weight organic compounds with one or more acidic groups, of which typically include carboxylic, sulfonic, and thiocarboxylic (Yin et al. 2015). According to the number of carbon atoms, short-chain organic acids can be divided into carbon two (C2), carbon three (C3), carbon four (C4), carbon five (C5), and carbon six (C6) organic acids (Wittmann et al. 2015). Commonly, C3 organic acids include propionic acid (PA), pyruvate, lactic * Xueqin Lv [email protected] * Long Liu [email protected] 1
Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
2
Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
3
School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
acid (LA), and 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). C4 organic acids include malic acid (MA), fumaric acid (FA), succinic acid (SA), and butyric acid (BA). C5 organic acids include itaconic acid (IA), α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG), glutaric acid, and xylonic acid (XA), while C6 organic acids include citric acid (CA), muconic acid (mainly cis, cis-muconic acid, CCM
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