Organic Dyes and Visible Fluorescent Proteins as Fluorescence Reporters
A variety of fluorescent and luminescent materials in the form of molecules, their complexes and nanoparticles are available for implementation as response units into sensing and imaging technologies and we discuss their general properties that are essent
- PDF / 2,836,961 Bytes
- 70 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 25 Downloads / 216 Views
Organic Dyes and Visible Fluorescent Proteins as Fluorescence Reporters
A variety of fluorescent and luminescent materials in the form of molecules, their complexes and nanoparticles are available for implementation as response units into sensing and imaging technologies and we discuss their general properties that are essential for their applications. Organic dyes were the first and remain to be the most popular emitters used for these purposes. The labeling and responsive properties of the major classes of these dyes are reviewed here. Major emphasis is provided on those dyes that possess reporting functions and can be used in direct sensing technologies. The dyes demonstrating sensitivity to polarity, local electric fields, hydrogen bonding and other factors are considered. The dyes important for particular applications, such as near-IR emitting, two-photonic and photochromic dyes as well as those demonstrating phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence are also overviewed. Examples of their successful developments for sensing in protein and nucleic acid science are presented. Natural fluorescent proteins are synthesized spontaneously as the gene products inside the living cells and they stimulated synthesis of synthetic analogs. The final section “Sensing and thinking” will be accompanied by questions and problems addressing to the readers. Organic dyes are the most commonly used fluorophores in sensing and imaging. Their advantages are not only in easy availability and low price, but most importantly, in versatility of their applications. Whereas all types of fluorescence emitters can be used for labeling and can respond to external stimuli by changing the emission intensity and lifetime, organic dyes demonstrate much richer means of response, including detectable changes in anisotropy and strong shifts in excitation and emission spectra. These dyes can display ground-state and excited-state reactions leading to the generation of new emission bands that allow convenient and very sensitive λ-ratiometric detection. They offer tremendous possibilities in applications due to immense variations of their structures and diversity of their spectroscopic properties. In the past, the field of organic dye synthesis was strongly stimulated by the needs of color photography and dye laser technologies. These fields lost their actuality with the development of electronic digital photography and solid-state lasers, so that the booming implementation into molecular probe and sensor technologies became the © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 A. P. Demchenko, Introduction to Fluorescence Sensing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60155-3_5
167
168
5 Organic Dyes and Visible Fluorescent Proteins as Fluorescence Reporters
major field of application of organic dyes. The amount of newly synthesized dyes grows exponentially, and it is not possible to describe in a small section of a book even the most important of them. Therefore, we will concentrate on their general properties that are essential for sensing applications and de
Data Loading...
