Origin Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Honeys by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Chemometric Techniques
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Origin Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Honeys by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Chemometric Techniques Xin Zheng 1 & Yanrong Zhao 1 & Huifeng Wu 2 & Jiyang Dong 1 & Jianghua Feng 1
Received: 2 July 2015 / Accepted: 21 September 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract The combination of 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis has become a promising method for the discrimination of food origins. In this paper, this method has been successfully employed to analyze 70 Chinese honey samples from eight botanic origins, three geographical origins, and five production dates. Thirty-three components in honey samples were detected and identified from their 1H NMR spectra, and 20 of them were accurately quantified by comparing their integral area with that of internal standards with relaxation time correction. Nontargeted principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied to distinguish the honeys from different botanical and geographical origins. The variations of components in the honeys, including saccharides and all kind of amino and organic carboxylic acids, confirmed their clustering according to their origins in PCA scores plots. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the NMR data for the different pairwise honey samples allows to identify the compositional variations contributed to geographical discrimination and storage time. Hence, NMR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric techniques offers an efficient tool for quality control of honey, and it could further serve to the classification, qualitative and quantitative control of other foods.
* Jianghua Feng [email protected] 1
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
2
Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
Keywords Honey . Quality control . Nuclear magnetic resonance . Chemometric analysis . Origin identification
Introduction Honey is a natural sweet product collected by honeybees from the nectar of flowers (Aparna and Rajalakshmi 1999), and it is very popular all over the world for its nutrition value. Honeys from different origins have the similar relative sweetness to granulated sugar as they have a large amount of fructose and glucose (Cavia et al. 2002). However, there are also some minor components like organic acids, amino acids, and polysaccharides, which make a certain contribution to the organoleptic character of honeys (Janiszewska et al. 2012). Each honey from different botanical and geographical origins gives a unique and individual organoleptic character on the basis of its chemistry, amount, and combination of the various components (Juan-Borras et al. 2014; Karabagias et al. 2014). Over the years, China has been the largest exporter of honey in the world with around 100
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