Overview of the HIV-Associated Tuberculosis Epidemic
Globally, tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of death and the most common opportunistic infection in people living with HIV (PLWH) (World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2018). TB incidence has actually declined in the past 5 yea
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nd Tuberculosis A Formidable Alliance
HIV and Tuberculosis
Irini Sereti • Gregory P. Bisson Graeme Meintjes Editors
HIV and Tuberculosis A Formidable Alliance
Editors Irini Sereti National Institute of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Bethesda, MD, USA
Gregory P. Bisson Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
Graeme Meintjes Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
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Preface
Prior to the emergence of the HIV epidemic, the global TB burden was steadily declining over time, largely due to strengthening TB treatment programs delivering shortcourse TB chemotherapy, which could cure most patients in 6 months. With the emergence of HIV in the 1990s, trends in progress in controlling TB, including reductions in TB incidence and decreasing TB mortality rates, began to be tragically reversed, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa but in highly resourced countries such as the United States as well [1, 2]. Evaluating changes in TB incidence over time by global region throughout the 1990s and early 2000s revealed what has now been repeatedly demonstrated in large-scale epidemiologic analyses: HIV infection profoundly increases the risk of active TB disease, and regions with the highes
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