Oviposition Experience by the Larval Parasitoid, Cotesia kariyai , on Nonhost, Spodoptera litura , Can Deter Subsequent
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Oviposition Experience by the Larval Parasitoid, Cotesia kariyai, on Nonhost, Spodoptera litura, Can Deter Subsequent Attacks Fumika K. Aikawa & Kazumu Kuramitsu Yooichi Kainoh
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Received: 1 April 2020 / Revised: 17 July 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Some parasitoids oviposit in nonhosts. Parasitization of nonhosts potentially wastes gametes, risks the death of offspring, and reduces fitness. Associative learning, a strategy for efficient reproduction, has been observed in various parasitoid species. We conducted two types of experiments to reveal whether larval parasitoid wasps, Cotesia kariyai (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), learn associatively by ovipositing in nonhosts. In dissection experiments, we found wasp eggs in both host [Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] and nonhost [Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] caterpillars. However, the mean number of eggs in nonhosts was significantly smaller than in hosts. In oviposition experiments, most naive C. kariyai females attacked both hosts and nonhosts. On the other Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-020-09749-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. F. K. Aikawa Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan K. Kuramitsu : Y. Kainoh (*) Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
Present Address: F. K. Aikawa Fukushima Prefectural Soso Agriculture and Forestry Office, 1-30, Nishiki-cho, Haramachi-ku, Minamisoma, Fukushima 975-0031, Japan
hand, wasps that had previously attacked nonhosts tended to avoid them thereafter. We conclude that C. kariyai females may be able to detect and identify nonhost metabolites and/or cuticular hydrocarbons. Negative associative learning enhances C. kariyai reproductive success when hunting in complex host habitats. Keywords Host searching . oviposition behavior . associative learning . hymenoptera . braconidae
Introduction In the field, insect parasitoids are exposed to various volatile compounds from hosts, nonhosts, healthy plants, and plants infested by hosts and/or nonhosts, and they must locate their hosts in this complicated environment. Recently, a number of studies on host searching behavior of parasitoids in complicated environments have been conducted (reviewed in De Rijk et al. 2013; Takabayashi 2014). In natural habitats, plants are often infested by several herbivore species. Parasitoids sometimes encounter nonhosts on such plants (De Rijk et al. 2013), and mistakenly oviposit in them (Takabayashi and Takahashi 1990; Obonyo et al. 2008). Not only do these wasps waste reproductive effort and energy, but they also risk death due to counterattacks from nonhosts (Potting et al. 19
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