Oxygen-deficient perovskites for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media: a review
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REVIEW
Oxygen-deficient perovskites for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media: a review Ahmed Badreldin 1 & Aya E. Abusrafa 1 & Ahmed Abdel-Wahab 1 Received: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Oxygen vacancies in complex metal oxides and specifically in perovskites are demonstrated to significantly enhance their electrocatalytic activities due to facilitating a degree of control in the material’s intrinsic properties. The reported enhancement in intrinsic OER activity of oxygen-deficient perovskites surfaces has inspired their fabrication via a myriad of schemes. Oxygen vacancies in perovskites are amongst the most favorable anionic or Schottky defects to be induced due to their low formation energies. This review discusses recent efforts for inducing oxygen vacancies in a multitude of perovskites, including facile and environmentally benign synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, and detailed insight into the intrinsic mechanistic modulation of perovskite electrocatalysts. Experimental, analytical, and computational techniques dedicated to the understanding of the improvement of OER activities upon oxygen vacancy induction are summarized in this work. The identification and utilization of intrinsic activity descriptors for the modulation of configurational structure, improvement in bulk charge transport, and favorable inflection of the electronic structure are also discussed. It is our foresight that the approaches, challenges, and prospects discussed herein will aid researchers in rationally designing highly active and stable perovskites that can outperform noble metal-based OER electrocatalysts.
1 Introduction The global energy crisis associated with the increasing demand for energy as well as the rapid depletion of fossil fuels and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with their use is one of the grand challenges facing humanity today. In fact, the International Energy Agency reported that the global energy demand is expected to rise to 26 TW by 2040 compared with 18 TW in 2013, corresponding to 44 Gt/year of CO2 emissions [1]. This has motivated the global community to maximize deployment of renewable energy sources in order to meet the ever-growing energy demand in a sustainable manner [2, 3]. Hydrogen (H2) being a carbon-free energy carrier is an ideal sustainable energy source that can potentially replace non-renewable carbon-based fossil fuels due to its high specific energy [4–6]. Currently, the primary technologies that are used to produce hydrogen include partial oxidation, steam reforming of methane, and coal gasification.
* Ahmed Abdel-Wahab [email protected] 1
Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
However, these technologies involve the generation of significant amounts of greenhouse gasses, which is the main cause for global warming [7, 8]. Amongst various progressive technologies, electrochemical water splitting driven by electricity produced from renewable energy sources,
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