Parental Demandingness Predicts Adolescents' Rumination and Depressive Symptoms in a One-year Longitudinal Study
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Parental Demandingness Predicts Adolescents’ Rumination and Depressive Symptoms in a One‑year Longitudinal Study Barbara Chuen Yee Lo1,2 · Ting Kin Ng2 · Yuet So3 Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract While past research has linked parental demandingness (parents’ rules, regulations, and restrictions for their children) to depression in adolescents, the mechanism underlying this relationship has not been well understood. This study attempts to disentangle the association between parental demandingness and depression by examining the potential mediating role of rumination (a repetitive and passive focus on negative emotions and symptoms) using an objective observational measure of parenting and a two-wave longitudinal design. Participants were 125 students aged 9 to 14 (M = 12.21, SD = 1.39) from local schools in Hong Kong. Participants completed questionnaires and participated in interaction tasks with their primary caregiving parents at T1 and completed the questionnaires again at T2 (one year later). A longitudinal mediation analysis suggested that the relationship between parental demandingness and depression was mediated by rumination. This study advances the existing literature by supporting that parental demandingness influences depression among children through increasing rumination. The present findings provide insights into the future development of parenting interventions (which aim at reducing parents’ commands) in prevention programs for depression in children. Keywords Parenting · Parental demandingness · Rumination · Depressive symptoms
Introduction Previous research has documented that adolescent depression disrupts development, academic performance and social relationships (McLeod et al. 2016). Depression in adolescence may also lead to undesirable adult outcomes such as adult depression, anxiety and substance use (McLeod et al. 2016).
* Barbara Chuen Yee Lo [email protected] Ting Kin Ng [email protected] Yuet So [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, 8 Castle Peak Road, Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong
2
Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, 8 Castle Peak Road, New Territories, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
3
Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Parental demandingness, which refers to parents’ rules, regulations, and restrictions for their children, is an important environmental risk factor in the development and maintenance of depression in adolescents (McLeod et al. 2007). Maccoby and Martin’s (1983) theory of parenting styles proposed two parenting dimensions: parental demandingness (or control) and responsiveness (or warmth), which can be combined to form four parenting styles: authoritative (high responsiveness and high demandingness), authoritarian (low responsiveness and high demandingness), permissive (high responsiveness and low demandingness) and neglectful (l
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