Surface-acting emotional labor predicts depressive symptoms among health care workers over a 2-year prospective study
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Surface‑acting emotional labor predicts depressive symptoms among health care workers over a 2‑year prospective study Chunhui Suh1,3 · Laura Punnett2,3 Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objective Surface-acting emotional labor (SaEL) is the requirement to hide or suppress felt emotions to achieve acceptable job performance. It is a common feature of jobs featuring interactions with the public, such as customers or patients. Resulting emotional inauthenticity is associated with psychological strain, but there have been few prospective studies of mental health outcomes. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was distributed in 24 skilled nursing facilities at baseline and 23 facilities 2 years later. Permanent full-time and part-time employees in all jobs were eligible to participate. Respondents in these analyses provided survey information on the frequency of SaEL at baseline and depressive symptoms on both occasions. Those without depression at baseline were deemed at risk. Multivariable logistic regression modeling estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for SaEL, other job features, and demographic characteristics. Results A total of 939 eligible participants had no depression at baseline; 15% developed depressive symptoms. About twothirds were direct care providers, including 38% nursing and medical assistants. Adjusted for potential confounders, workers with intermediate and high SaEL had a higher risk (aORs around 2). Symptom onset was also predicted by high work-family conflict, younger age and low decision latitude at work. Conclusions In this prospective study of long-term care workers, those who reported experiencing high SaEL at the time of the baseline survey were at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms 2 years later. Both exposure and outcome could have suffered some misclassification. Future studies should examine a broader range of strategies for coping with emotional labor demands. Keywords Surface-acting emotional labor · Mental health · Depression · Health care workers · Psychosocial working conditions
Background
* Chunhui Suh [email protected] 1
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 75 Bokji‑ro, Busanjin‑gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, USA
3
Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace (CPH‑NEW), University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, USA
In work with frequent interactions with the public such as customers or patients, workers often have to display certain emotions and to manage their emotions. This is called “emotional labor,” especially when the emotional display is monitored and enforced by management (Hochschild 1983). Based on these effortful emotional regulation strategies by workers (Gross 1998), previous researchers have divided emotio
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