Parental Warmth and Involvement and the Self-Esteem of Young People in Hong Kong
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Parental Warmth and Involvement and the Self-Esteem of Young People in Hong Kong Mary Tien Wei Leung Ling 1 & Hui Fang Chen 1 & Kace Chun Ning Chiu 2 Accepted: 2 May 2019/ # Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Self-esteem has been found to correlate with young people’s mental health and overall success. The present study explored the relationship between children’s perceived maternal and paternal warmth and involvement and their self-esteem. The data were drawn from 3100 primary and secondary students from 12 schools in Hong Kong. The results showed that maternal warmth had the strongest relation with self-esteem in both male and female children. Further analyses revealed that maternal warmth and involvement and paternal warmth in parent–child relationships could be used to predict female children’s self-esteem. For male students, it was found that maternal warmth and paternal warmth could be used to predict self-esteem. The implications of these results are discussed herein with respect to Hong Kong’s local context with reference to the policies for families. Specific implications regarding the link to children’s self-esteem with various factors of father–son, father–daughter, mother–son and mother–daughter relationships are also discussed. Finally, recommendations and conclusions are drawn in light of the findings. Keywords Self-esteem . Parental involvement . Maternal warmth . Maternal involvement .
Paternal warmth . Paternal involvement
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-01909645-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
* Mary Tien Wei Leung Ling [email protected] Hui Fang Chen [email protected] Kace Chun Ning Chiu [email protected]
1
City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
2
Center for Life and Ethics Study, Society for Truth and Light, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
M. T. W. L. Ling et al.
1 Introduction Asian culture traditionally places importance on harmony in interpersonal relationship (Zhang et al. 2005) and educational achievement for one’s children (Chen and Uttal 1988). Local studies described the relationship between parents and children as challenging because of Hong Kong’s overcrowded environment, small living spaces and the competitive work and study environments (Ho 2003). Parents put much effort into strengthening their children’s chances of attending university, even as early as kindergarten (Ho 2003). This pressure to excel puts a strain on the parent–child relationship. How do children’s relationships with their parents affect their self-esteem? Do parents’ genders as well as their relationship with sons and daughters affect male and female children in the same manner? What specific support or control from the parents (Laible and Carlo 2004) can benefit children? These questions were explored in the present study. 1.1 Self-Esteem Maslow (1970) included self-esteem in the hierarchy of needs, including the need for respect from others and the need for self-respect (o
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